10 Rules of Honeybee Management - Revision history

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Think back to your time in school. It wasn’t too hard to figure who were the "A students" and who were the "C students," right? The A [https://www.Youtube.com/watch?v=-l..."

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Created page with " Think back to your time in school. It wasn’t too hard to figure who were the "A students" and who were the "C students," right? The A [https://www.Youtube.com/watch?v=-l..."

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During his speech,Donnelly stressed the importance of being the bridge between Indiana and Washington, D.C… ‘My job is to be your voice, to make sure Indiana’s voice is heard,’ said Donnelly. Donnelly also highlighted some of the success he says he has had in the Senate. He has introduced 25 bills and amendments that have been signed into law, including the Jacob Sexton Military Suicide Prevention Act, which requires annual mental health assessments for all service members, including active, Guard, and Reserve components in the military. Previously, only members in the deployment cycle received consistent screenings. Donnelly has made veterans issues a cornerstone of his first Senate term. CBS 4 Indy: Sen. Joe Donnelly announces campaign for re-election to U.S. "U.S. Senator Joe Donnelly (D-IN) officially announced his campaign for re-election Monday in Anderson. Sen. Donnelly held a rally at the UAW Local 1963 amid a ‘Hoosier Highways’ RV tour. 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Almost all trucks you see on the road are adorned with these. Deciding which class of motorhome is right for you can be a real challenge. You have the luxurious Class A, the compact Class B and the well-rounded Class C. To better understand which class fits your needs and budget, you must first learn what each one has to offer. Otherwise known as the king of motorhomes, the Class A is the largest of its kind, and it resembles a rock star’s tour bus. As a matter of fact, you will feel like a rock star exploring the country in a Class A motorhome because of its luxurious amenities. This style of motorhome has almost every amenity your home has, including a washer and dryer, king-size bed, full-size fridge, outside entertainment center, and much more! The Class A proves why RVs can be considered a home on wheels. Class As range in size from 21 feet to a whopping 45 feet. Imagine all the people you could fit in a 45 footer! 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 [[File:Breeding.JPG|left|110px]] The relative performance of a honey bee colony depends on its numerical strength. To check, if reproduction takes place, open the hive and look at the brood area. Do you see the queen, eggs, and/or bee larvae? If yes, chances are high that the colony is queenright (queen is present) and therefore develops normally. Another indicator is the brood pattern of the brood area- it should look solid and compact.
-<gallery widths=100px heights=250px mode="packed-hover">
+<gallery widths=100px heights=200px mode="packed-hover">
 AceranaQueenright.png|''Apis cerana'' bees with capped and open brood, nectar, pollen and queen cells.
 AMelliferaQueenright.png|''Apis mellifera'' bees with capped and open brood.
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 It is also important to check not only the surroundings, but also the colony itself. When observing the flight entrance, are there returning pollen foragers? When opening the hive, are there combs filled with honey or beebread (=processed pollen)? If not, consider to offer supplemental food (carbohydrates and/or protein). Sugar syrup should only be provided outside of the honey harvesting season to avoid the falsification (adulteration) of honey (quality loss, fermentation, …). Make sure to place the supplemental food on the upper side of the brood chamber in a closed environment like an empty honey chamber instead of putting it on the bottom board to avoid robbery by other bees and predators. Another important point in times of harvest is to leave sufficient reserves of honey and pollen for dearth periods.
-<gallery widths=100px heights=250px mode="packed-hover">
+<gallery widths=100px heights=200px mode="packed-hover">
 CalliandraSpp.png|One important nectar source in Indonesia is the plant ''Calliandra'' (Fabaceae).
 FloweringCalendarJava.JPG| Exemplary representation for a flower calendar (based on West-Java, Indonesia).

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-== '''<span style="color:#ED872D">Rule 8: Rule 8: Control UNWANTED swarming and absconding behavior</span>''' ==
+== '''<span style="color:#ED872D">Rule 8: Control UNWANTED swarming and absconding behavior</span>''' ==
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 Good quality of honey bee products, high productivity and the excellent health status of honey bees are the ultimate goals of beekeeping. To achieve those goals, good beekeeping practice (GBP) is crucial. GBP is strongly related to regional and environmental influences but in a global context, GBP includes the ensuring of breeding through prolific young queens, an ample supply of food, effective and seasonally based management, the use of the right equipment, prevention of unwanted swarming and absconding behavior, or protection from predators and threats affecting the health of honey bees. Within this document, ten important “rules” for honey bee colony management were formulated and they serve as a guideline for beekeepers to increase the quality of their honey bee products (e.g. honey) and to improve the health of their honey bee colonies. Those rules were evaluated within the EU Horizon 2020 project '''SAMS''' (Smart Apiculture Management Services) by highly experienced beekeepers from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Europe to guarantee their validity for these regions. <br />
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 <br /></big>
-[[File:SAMSRule1SecureyourProduct.JPG|left|110px]] Honey is made of floral nectar, collected by honey bees, and needs some time to mature - the main reason is the water content. Honey with high water content is still very similar to nectar and is exposed to the risk of fast fermentation, resulting in sour tasting honey. This risk is correlated with the humidity in tropical countries. For honey wine this fermentation is wanted, but not for table honey. Therefore, harvest honey only from honey frames (no brood) that are at least 70% sealed. You can also do a shake test to identify if the honey is mature. Therefore, turn the honey frame horizontally and shake it jerkily. If you recognize any splashes, the honey is not ripe. If available, a honey “refractometer” also can be used to test the product for its water content. Further, protect your honey from direct sunlight and avoid moist conditions. If you observe fermented honey, or moldy pollen, remove those frames from the hives.
+[[File:SAMSRule1SecureyourProduct.JPG|left|110px]] Honey is made of floral nectar, collected by honey bees, and needs some time to mature - the main reason is the water content. Honey with high water content is still very similar to nectar and is exposed to the risk of fast fermentation, resulting in sour tasting honey. This risk is correlated with the humidity in tropical countries. For honey wine this fermentation is wanted, but not for table honey. Therefore, harvest honey only from honey frames (no brood) that are at least 70% sealed. You can also do a shake test to identify if the honey is mature. Therefore, turn the honey frame horizontally and shake it jerkily. If you recognize any splashes, the honey is not ripe yet. If available, a honey “refractometer” also can be used to test the product for its water content. Further, protect your honey from direct sunlight and avoid moist conditions. If you observe fermented honey, or moldy pollen, remove those frames from the hives.
 <br />
 <big>
-== '''<span style="color:#ED872D">Rule 2: Breeding activity is an indicator for a strong and</span>''' ==
+== '''<span style="color:#ED872D">Rule 2: Breeding activity is an indicator for a strong and healthy bee colony</span>''' ==
 <br /></big>
 [[File:Breeding.JPG|left|110px]] The relative performance of a honey bee colony depends on its numerical strength. To check, if reproduction takes place, open the hive and look at the brood area. Do you see the queen, eggs, and/or bee larvae? If yes, chances are high that the colony is queenright (queen is present) and therefore develops normally. Another indicator is the brood pattern of the brood area- it should look solid and compact.
 <gallery widths=100px heights=250px mode="packed-hover">
@@ Line 38: / Line 37: @@
 <br /></big>
-[[File:KeepYourColonyHealthy.JPG|left|110px]] There are numerous amounts of organisms affecting the honey bee. As the organisms and the control methods strongly vary between regions, it is important to get in contact with experienced local beekeepers, (if existing) development agents, research centres, beekeeping associations and training centres that may provide that information for you. Maybe there are even authoritative services when you need help? It is not possible to free your colonies of every bee-health affecting organism, but it is very important to keep the pest/pathogen/parasite/predator-pressure as low as possible. One easy thing to do is clean the bottom board (if existing) of the hive regularly from detritus and other dirt. Be aware, that the use of certain substances as antibiotics as a preventive measure is not allowed in every country. This has to be checked before its use is considered. Further, if the use of antibiotics or other chemical substances are necessary, you have to follow the instructions exactly.
+[[File:KeepYourColonyHealthy.JPG|left|110px]] There are numerous amounts of organisms affecting the honey bee. As the organisms and the control methods strongly vary between regions, it is important to get in contact with experienced local beekeepers, (if existing) development agents, research centres, beekeeping associations and training centres that may provide that information for you. Maybe there are even authoritative services when you need help? It is not possible to free your colonies of every bee-health affecting organism, but it is very important to keep the pest/pathogen/parasite/predator-pressure as low as possible. Be aware, that the use of certain substances as antibiotics as a preventive measure is not allowed in every country. This has to be checked before its use is considered. Further, if the use of antibiotics or other chemical substances are necessary, you have to follow the instructions exactly. As an example: Clean the bottom board (if existing) of the hive regularly from detritus and other dirt during your other beekeeping activites.
@@ Line 73: / Line 72: @@
 <br /></big>
-[[File:UnwantedSwarming.JPG|left|110px]] In general, it is a good thing if bee colonies are strong enough to show reproductive swarming behavior but if you do not want half of your bees leaving the hives, you may be interested in controlling it. For this purpose, you should requeen a colony every 2 years and offer enough room within the hives. Absconding greatly differs from reproductive swarming. Bees in tropical regions show absconding behavior by leaving behind whatever brood and storage is in the hive. The behavior is triggered by unfavorable environmental conditions (droughts, low forage opportunities) or disease/pest pressure. To avoid absconding, good beekeeping practice is very important: keep the disease pressure low (rule 4), offer enough natural food and water and offer supplemental food in times of need (rule 3), manipulate the hives with methods that cause as little stress as possible (e.g. open the hive only if its necessary).<br />
+[[File:UnwantedSwarming.JPG|left|110px]] In general, it is a good thing if bee colonies are strong enough to show reproductive swarming behavior but if you do not want half of your bees leaving the hives, you may be interested in controlling it. For this purpose, you should requeen a colony every 2 years and offer enough room within the hives. Absconding greatly differs from reproductive swarming. Bees in tropical regions show absconding behavior by leaving the nest and brood and storage in it behind. The behavior is triggered by unfavorable environmental conditions (droughts, low forage opportunities) or disease/pest pressure. To avoid absconding, good beekeeping practice is very important: keep the disease pressure low (rule 4), offer enough natural food and water and offer supplemental food in times of need (rule 3), manipulate the hives with methods that cause as little stress as possible (e.g. open the hive only if its necessary).<br />
 <br />
@@ Line 80: / Line 79: @@
 <br /></big>
-[[File:AvoidRobbery.JPG|left|110px]] Robbery through other honey bees or organisms like wasps, hornets, ants, or even mammals cause significant stress to your bees and even can lead to the death of your colonies. Strong bees defend their nesting sites more successfully, therefore it is very important to keep your colonies as strong as possible to avoid robbery. For this purpose, keep the disease pressure low (rule 4), place supplemental food on the upper side of the brood chamber in a closed environment like an empty honey chamber (rule 3), narrow down the size of the hive entrance, work in a hygienic way and do not leave your equipment or brood/honey containing frames accessible to bees and other organisms. Another method to reduce robbery, especially in dry seasons or times of low forage opportunities, is to add more distance between your bee hives.
+[[File:AvoidRobbery.JPG|left|110px]] Robbery through other honey bees or organisms like wasps, hornets, ants, or even mammals cause significant stress to your bees and even can lead to the death of your colonies. Additionally, by robbing the nest of weak bee colonies, there is a risk of disease-transfer to the robbing colony. Strong bees defend their nesting sites more successfully, therefore it is very important to keep your colonies as strong as possible to avoid robbery. For this purpose, keep the disease pressure low (rule 4), place supplemental food on the upper side of the brood chamber in a closed environment like an empty honey chamber (rule 3), narrow down the size of the hive entrance, work in a hygienic way and do not leave your equipment or brood/honey containing frames accessible to bees and other organisms. Another method to reduce robbery, especially in dry seasons or times of low forage opportunities, is to add more distance between your bee hives.
 <br />
@@ Line 88: / Line 87: @@
 [[File:EducateYOurself.JPG|left|110px]] There are no rigid beekeeping rules that fit perfectly for every beekeeper and there is also no perfect system fitting all honey bees of the world. For this reason, it is essential to constantly educate yourself and to find out what’s happening in your region. Get in contact with other beekeepers and learn from each other or maybe you can even share tools and logistics. Find out if there is a local beekeeper network and if not, you may be interested in developing one by yourself. Are there possibilities to visit beekeeping trainings? Also visit the internet and watch for example YouTube videos on beekeeping but be critical and use only methods that fit to your region and bee race. It is also very helpful to document your hive management and phenology (flowering) of forage by taking notes and compare them between years.

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 [[File:KeepYourColonyHealthy.JPG|left|110px]] There are numerous amounts of organisms affecting the honey bee. As the organisms and the control methods strongly vary between regions, it is important to get in contact with experienced local beekeepers, (if existing) development agents, research centres, beekeeping associations and training centres that may provide that information for you. Maybe there are even authoritative services when you need help? It is not possible to free your colonies of every bee-health affecting organism, but it is very important to keep the pest/pathogen/parasite/predator-pressure as low as possible. One easy thing to do is clean the bottom board (if existing) of the hive regularly from detritus and other dirt. Be aware, that the use of certain substances as antibiotics as a preventive measure is not allowed in every country. This has to be checked before its use is considered. Further, if the use of antibiotics or other chemical substances are necessary, you have to follow the instructions exactly.
 <br />
@@ Line 46: / Line 48: @@
 [[File:ProvideSafeEnvironmentBees.JPG|left|110px]] Choose a location, which is suitable and safe for your bees’ needs. The preferred area/location protects the hives from excessive weather conditions (rain, high temperatures, wind, etc…), has a low exposure to agricultural pesticides (avoid areas with high pesticide exposure), and is rich in foraging opportunities throughout the season (nectar, pollen and water). Common examples for agricultural fields with high pesticide exposure are wine, maize, tea, coffee or cocoa.<br />
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 [[File:RecycleBeesWax.JPG|left|110px]] Depending on the bee species used for beekeeping and their specific behavior (e.g. brood rearing activity), beeswax gets darker sooner or later.  Therefore, check the color of your frames at least once a year and if necessary, replace them with empty frames or frames containing light wax to keep your colonies strong and healthy. As wax belongs to the most valuable raw materials for a beekeeper, be sure to not throw it away. Instead recycle it by melting it down. You can use the pure wax to either produce wax foundations for your bee hives, sell it, or process it. For this purpose, special wax melters exist, but it is also possible to use solar power by putting the old wax in a bucket and leave it in the sun for several hours. To get to the valuable purified wax, simply skim off the waste. If you are not sure how to do it, YouTube is a great tutorial tool (suggested keywords: “melting beeswax”, “cleaning beeswax”, “processing beeswax”, …).<br />
 <br />
@@ Line 66: / Line 72: @@
 == '''<span style="color:#ED872D">Rule 8: Rule 8: Control UNWANTED swarming and absconding behavior</span>''' ==
 <br /></big>
 [[File:UnwantedSwarming.JPG|left|110px]] In general, it is a good thing if bee colonies are strong enough to show reproductive swarming behavior but if you do not want half of your bees leaving the hives, you may be interested in controlling it. For this purpose, you should requeen a colony every 2 years and offer enough room within the hives. Absconding greatly differs from reproductive swarming. Bees in tropical regions show absconding behavior by leaving behind whatever brood and storage is in the hive. The behavior is triggered by unfavorable environmental conditions (droughts, low forage opportunities) or disease/pest pressure. To avoid absconding, good beekeeping practice is very important: keep the disease pressure low (rule 4), offer enough natural food and water and offer supplemental food in times of need (rule 3), manipulate the hives with methods that cause as little stress as possible (e.g. open the hive only if its necessary).<br />
@@ Line 74: / Line 79: @@
 == '''<span style="color:#ED872D">Rule 9: Avoid robbery through other honey bees or other organisms</span>''' ==
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 [[File:AvoidRobbery.JPG|left|110px]] Robbery through other honey bees or organisms like wasps, hornets, ants, or even mammals cause significant stress to your bees and even can lead to the death of your colonies. Strong bees defend their nesting sites more successfully, therefore it is very important to keep your colonies as strong as possible to avoid robbery. For this purpose, keep the disease pressure low (rule 4), place supplemental food on the upper side of the brood chamber in a closed environment like an empty honey chamber (rule 3), narrow down the size of the hive entrance, work in a hygienic way and do not leave your equipment or brood/honey containing frames accessible to bees and other organisms. Another method to reduce robbery, especially in dry seasons or times of low forage opportunities, is to add more distance between your bee hives.