Ants - Revision history

KristinaG at 14:57, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T14:57:36Z

KristinaG at 08:53, 28 November 2018

2018-11-28T08:53:23Z

KristinaG at 08:09, 28 November 2018

2018-11-28T08:09:24Z

KristinaG at 15:01, 19 November 2018

2018-11-19T15:01:33Z

KristinaG at 14:29, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T14:29:21Z

KristinaG at 14:17, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T14:17:59Z

KristinaG at 14:16, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T14:16:52Z

KristinaG at 10:53, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T10:53:33Z

KristinaG at 10:45, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T10:45:29Z

KristinaG at 10:44, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T10:44:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:57, 10 December 2018
Line 3:		Line 3:


−	'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (Apis mellifera L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 7(4), 173-181.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810 Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-96.</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 7(4), 173-181.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810 Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-96.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:53, 28 November 2018
Line 3:		Line 3:


−	'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (Apis mellifera L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 7(4), 173-181.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810 Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-~~096~~.</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (Apis mellifera L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 7(4), 173-181.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810 Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-96.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:09, 28 November 2018
Line 3:		Line 3:


−	'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (Apis mellifera L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Journal of ~~Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development~~, 4(2), ~~368~~-~~381~~.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810 Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (Apis mellifera L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 7(4), 173-181.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810 Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Many types of '''ants''' are known to affect honey bee colonies, by entering the hive and removing food and brood. <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> In general, the bees are able to defend their hive entrance against ant attacks, but if the colony is '''weakened''', or the particular ant species is known to act aggressive, ants can '''severely impac'''t the colony. <ref name="Morse 1990">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> To avoid an infestation with ants, Crane (1990) suggests to clean vegetation near the bee hives, use ant-proofed hive stands (long legs, that stand in shallow containers filled with oil, or diesel) and the use of pesticides. <ref name="Crane">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref>
+Many types of '''ants''' are known to affect honey bee colonies, by entering the hive and removing food and brood. <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref> In general, the bees are able to defend their hive entrance against ant attacks, but if the colony is '''weakened''', or the particular ant species is known to act aggressive, ants can '''severely impac'''t the colony. <ref name="Morse 1990">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> To avoid an infestation with ants, Crane (1990) suggests to clean vegetation near the bee hives, use ant-proofed hive stands (long legs, that stand in shallow containers filled with oil, or diesel) and the use of pesticides. <ref name="Crane">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref>
 ----
-'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (Apis mellifera L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v2i1.49654</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 4(2), 368-381.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810  Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (Apis mellifera L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 4(2), 368-381.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810  Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:29, 14 June 2018
Line 3:		Line 3:


−	'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris G.S., Yemisrach G., Dejen A., Nuru A., Gebeyehu G. & Workneh A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v2i1.49654</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 4(2), 368-381.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810 Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (Apis mellifera L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v2i1.49654</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 4(2), 368-381.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810 Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:17, 14 June 2018
Line 3:		Line 3:


−	'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris G.S., Yemisrach G., Dejen A., Nuru A., Gebeyehu G. & Workneh A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. ~~CNCS~~, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 4(2), 368-381.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810 Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris G.S., Yemisrach G., Dejen A., Nuru A., Gebeyehu G. & Workneh A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v2i1.49654</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 4(2), 368-381.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810 Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:16, 14 June 2018
Line 3:		Line 3:


−	'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris G.S., Yemisrach G., Dejen A., Nuru A., Gebeyehu G. & Workneh A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 4(2), 368-381.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810 Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris G.S., Yemisrach G., Dejen A., Nuru A., Gebeyehu G. & Workneh A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 4(2), 368-381.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810 Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Many types of '''ants''' are known to affect honey bee colonies, by entering the hive and removing food and brood. <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> In general, the bees are able to defend their hive entrance against ant attacks, but if the colony is '''weakend''', or the particular ant species is known to act aggressive, ants can '''severily impac'''t the colony. <ref name="Morse 1990">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> To avoid an infestation with ants, Crane (1990) suggests to clean vegetation near the bee hives, use ant-proofed hive stands (long legs, that stand in shallow containers filled with oil, or diesel) and the use of pesticides. <ref name="Crane">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref>
+Many types of '''ants''' are known to affect honey bee colonies, by entering the hive and removing food and brood. <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> In general, the bees are able to defend their hive entrance against ant attacks, but if the colony is '''weakened''', or the particular ant species is known to act aggressive, ants can '''severely impac'''t the colony. <ref name="Morse 1990">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> To avoid an infestation with ants, Crane (1990) suggests to clean vegetation near the bee hives, use ant-proofed hive stands (long legs, that stand in shallow containers filled with oil, or diesel) and the use of pesticides. <ref name="Crane">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref>
 ----
-'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris G.S., Yemisrach G., Dejen A., Nuru A., Gebeyehu G. & Workneh A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Teklu G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 4(2), 368-381.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are to weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810  Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris G.S., Yemisrach G., Dejen A., Nuru A., Gebeyehu G. & Workneh A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 4(2), 368-381.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810  Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref>
-'''Indonesia''': There is a '''lack of data''' regarding the severity of ant-attacks on honey bee colonies in Indonesia, but Crane (1990) mentioned, that ants and their impact on honey bee colonies are one of the most widespread problems for beekeepers in tropical regions. <ref name="Crane"/> According to her, migrating ant colonies can contain up to 700,000 individuals that raid and kill along its path. Army ants, that are also present in Indonesia, for example forage in groups and are able to invade and destroy a bee hive within a few hours. <ref name="Morse 1990"/> <ref>Terrence P. McGlynn, T. P. (1999). The worldwide transfer of ants: geographical distribution and ecological invasions. Journal of Biogeography, 26, 535-548.</ref>
+'''Indonesia''': There is a '''lack of data''' regarding the severity of ant-attacks on honey bee colonies in Indonesia, but Crane (1990) mentioned, that ants and their impact on honey bee colonies are one of the most widespread problems for beekeepers in tropical regions. <ref name="Crane"/> According to her, migrating ant colonies can contain up to 700,000 individuals that raid and kill along its path. Army ants, that are also present in Indonesia, for example forage in groups and are able to invade and destroy a bee hive within a few hours. <ref name="Morse 1990"/> <ref>Terrence, P., & McGlynn, T. P. (1999). The worldwide transfer of ants: geographical distribution and ecological invasions. Journal of Biogeography, 26, 535-548.</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:45, 14 June 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	Many types of '''ants''' are known to affect honey bee colonies, by entering the hive and removing food and brood. <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> In general, the bees are able to defend their hive entrance against ant attacks, but if the colony is '''weakend''', or the particular ant species is known to act aggressive, ants can '''severily impac'''t the colony. <ref name="Morse 1990">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> To avoid an infestation with ants, Crane (1990) suggests to clean vegetation near the bee hives, use ant-proofed hive stands (long legs, that stand in shallow containers filled with oil, or diesel) and the use of pesticides. <ref name="Crane">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. ~~Heinemann Newnes~~.</ref>	+	Many types of '''ants''' are known to affect honey bee colonies, by entering the hive and removing food and brood. <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> In general, the bees are able to defend their hive entrance against ant attacks, but if the colony is '''weakend''', or the particular ant species is known to act aggressive, ants can '''severily impac'''t the colony. <ref name="Morse 1990">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> To avoid an infestation with ants, Crane (1990) suggests to clean vegetation near the bee hives, use ant-proofed hive stands (long legs, that stand in shallow containers filled with oil, or diesel) and the use of pesticides. <ref name="Crane">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref>
	----		----