B. coeca - Revision history

KristinaG at 14:56, 19 November 2018

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KristinaG at 09:21, 12 June 2018

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KristinaG at 12:53, 16 May 2018

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KristinaG at 12:09, 8 May 2018

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KristinaG: Created page with "'''''Braula coeca''''' (Diptera; Braulidae), also known as bee louse, feeds on nectar and pollen directly from the honey bees body, as well as on material secreted by the host..."

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Created page with "'''''Braula coeca''''' (Diptera; Braulidae), also known as bee louse, feeds on nectar and pollen directly from the honey bees body, as well as on material secreted by the host..."

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'''''Braula coeca''''' (Diptera; Braulidae), also known as bee louse, feeds on nectar and pollen directly from the honey bees body, as well as on material secreted by the host. Their larvae tunnel through the hive, damaging it and eat the honey and pollen. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> There is evidence, that an infestation of ''B. coeca'' leads to a reduction of worker bees and further reduces honey production rate. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice Braula coeca (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> If infestated, a treatment with tobacco smoke is recommended to reduce the amount of ''Braula spp.'' and to increase honey yield (compared to untreated hives). <ref>Al Ghzawi, A. A.-M., Zaitoun, S., & Shannag, H. (2009). Management of Braula orientalis Örösi (Diptera: Braulidae) in honeybee colonies with tobacco smoke under semiarid conditions. Entomological Research, 39(3), 168–174. </ref> At low presence, impact on honeybee populations is negligible, but ''Braula'' is known to play an important role as a vector of viruses and other diseases. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> A study by Haylegebriel (2014) revealed, that the hive type (transitional<modern< traditional) and the management type (apiary<backyard) are significantly associated with the prevalence in infestation rate of ''B. coeca''. <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>

'''Ethiopia:''' Adeday et al. (2012) reported an infestation level of 3-6% in Ethiopia. <ref name="Adeday 2012"/> and ''B. coeca'' is considered to be a negligible risk. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/>

'''Indonesia:''' So far, there is no information about the presence and dangeriousness of ''B. coeca'' in Indonesia!

==References==
<references/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:56, 19 November 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	'''''Braula coeca''''' (Diptera; Braulidae), also known as '''bee louse''', feeds on nectar and rich in protein jelly directly from the honey bee, as well as on material secreted by the host. Their larvae tunnel through the hive, damaging it and nourish on the honey and pollen. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> There is evidence, that an infestation of ''B. coeca'' leads to a reduction of worker bees and further reduces honey production rate. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> A study showed, that a treatment with tobacco smoke reduces the amount of ''Braula orientalis'' and increases honey yield (compared to untreated hives). <ref>Al Ghzawi, A. A.-M., Zaitoun, S., & Shannag, H. (2009). Management of ''Braula orientalis'' Örösi (Diptera: Braulidae) in honeybee colonies with tobacco smoke under semiarid conditions. Entomological Research, 39(3), 168–174. </ref> This method may also be effective for hives, infested with ''B. coeca''. At low presence, impact on honey bee populations is negligible, but ''Braula'' is known to play an important role as a vector of viruses and other diseases. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. ~~https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6~~</ref>	+	'''''Braula coeca''''' (Diptera; Braulidae), also known as '''bee louse''', feeds on nectar and rich in protein jelly directly from the honey bee, as well as on material secreted by the host. Their larvae tunnel through the hive, damaging it and nourish on the honey and pollen. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> There is evidence, that an infestation of ''B. coeca'' leads to a reduction of worker bees and further reduces honey production rate. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> A study showed, that a treatment with tobacco smoke reduces the amount of ''Braula orientalis'' and increases honey yield (compared to untreated hives). <ref>Al Ghzawi, A. A.-M., Zaitoun, S., & Shannag, H. (2009). Management of ''Braula orientalis'' Örösi (Diptera: Braulidae) in honeybee colonies with tobacco smoke under semiarid conditions. Entomological Research, 39(3), 168–174. </ref> This method may also be effective for hives, infested with ''B. coeca''. At low presence, impact on honey bee populations is negligible, but ''Braula'' is known to play an important role as a vector of viruses and other diseases. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>
	----		----

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
-'''Indonesia:''' So far, there is no information on the presence and dangeriousness of ''B. coeca'' in Indonesia!
+'''Indonesia:''' So far, there is no information on the presence and dangerousness of ''B. coeca'' in Indonesia!
 ==References==
 <references/>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''''Braula coeca''''' (Diptera; Braulidae), also known as '''bee louse''', feeds on nectar and pollen directly from the honey bee, as well as on material secreted by the host. Their larvae tunnel through the hive, damaging it and nourish on the honey and pollen. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> There is evidence, that an infestation of ''B. coeca'' leads to a reduction of worker bees and further reduces honey production rate. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> A study showed, that a treatment with tobacco smoke reduces the amount of ''Braula orientalis'' and increases honey yield (compared to untreated hives). <ref>Al Ghzawi, A. A.-M., Zaitoun, S., & Shannag, H. (2009). Management of ''Braula orientalis'' Örösi (Diptera: Braulidae) in honeybee colonies with tobacco smoke under semiarid conditions. Entomological Research, 39(3), 168–174. </ref> This method may also be effective for hives, infested with ''B. coeca''. At low presence, impact on honey bee populations is negligible, but ''Braula'' is known to play an important role as a vector of viruses and other diseases. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> A study by Haylegebriel (2014) revealed, that the hive type (transitional<modern< traditional) and the management type (apiary<backyard) are significantly associated with the prevalence in infestation rate of ''B. coeca''. <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>
+'''''Braula coeca''''' (Diptera; Braulidae), also known as '''bee louse''', feeds on nectar and rich in protein jelly directly from the honey bee, as well as on material secreted by the host. Their larvae tunnel through the hive, damaging it and nourish on the honey and pollen. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> There is evidence, that an infestation of ''B. coeca'' leads to a reduction of worker bees and further reduces honey production rate. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> A study showed, that a treatment with tobacco smoke reduces the amount of ''Braula orientalis'' and increases honey yield (compared to untreated hives). <ref>Al Ghzawi, A. A.-M., Zaitoun, S., & Shannag, H. (2009). Management of ''Braula orientalis'' Örösi (Diptera: Braulidae) in honeybee colonies with tobacco smoke under semiarid conditions. Entomological Research, 39(3), 168–174. </ref> This method may also be effective for hives, infested with ''B. coeca''. At low presence, impact on honey bee populations is negligible, but ''Braula'' is known to play an important role as a vector of viruses and other diseases. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>
 ----
-'''Ethiopia:''' Adeday et al. (2012) reported an infestation level of 3-6% in Ethiopia, but ''B. coeca'' is considered to be a negligible risk. <ref name="Adeday 2012"/> <ref name="Pirk 2015"/>
+'''Ethiopia:''' Adeday et al. (2012) reported an infestation level of 3-6% in Ethiopia, but ''B. coeca'' is considered to be a negligible risk. <ref name="Adeday 2012"/> <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> A study by Haylegebriel (2014) revealed, that the hive type (transitional<modern<traditional) and the management type (apiary<backyard beekeeping) are significantly associated with the prevalence in infestation rate of ''B. coeca''. <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''''Braula coeca''''' (Diptera; Braulidae), also known as bee louse, feeds on nectar and pollen directly from the honey bee, as well as on material secreted by the host. Their larvae tunnel through the hive, damaging it and nourish on the honey and pollen. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> There is evidence, that an infestation of ''B. coeca'' leads to a reduction of worker bees and further reduces honey production rate. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice Braula coeca (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> A study showed, that a treatment with tobacco smoke reduces the amount of ''Braula orientalis'' and increases honey yield (compared to untreated hives). <ref>Al Ghzawi, A. A.-M., Zaitoun, S., & Shannag, H. (2009). Management of Braula orientalis Örösi (Diptera: Braulidae) in honeybee colonies with tobacco smoke under semiarid conditions. Entomological Research, 39(3), 168–174. </ref> This method may also be effective for hives, infested with ''B. coeca''. At low presence, impact on honey bee populations is negligible, but ''Braula'' is known to play an important role as a vector of viruses and other diseases. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> A study by Haylegebriel (2014) revealed, that the hive type (transitional<modern< traditional) and the management type (apiary<backyard) are significantly associated with the prevalence in infestation rate of ''B. coeca''. <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>
+'''''Braula coeca''''' (Diptera; Braulidae), also known as '''bee louse''', feeds on nectar and pollen directly from the honey bee, as well as on material secreted by the host. Their larvae tunnel through the hive, damaging it and nourish on the honey and pollen. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> There is evidence, that an infestation of ''B. coeca'' leads to a reduction of worker bees and further reduces honey production rate. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> A study showed, that a treatment with tobacco smoke reduces the amount of ''Braula orientalis'' and increases honey yield (compared to untreated hives). <ref>Al Ghzawi, A. A.-M., Zaitoun, S., & Shannag, H. (2009). Management of ''Braula orientalis'' Örösi (Diptera: Braulidae) in honeybee colonies with tobacco smoke under semiarid conditions. Entomological Research, 39(3), 168–174. </ref> This method may also be effective for hives, infested with ''B. coeca''. At low presence, impact on honey bee populations is negligible, but ''Braula'' is known to play an important role as a vector of viruses and other diseases. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> A study by Haylegebriel (2014) revealed, that the hive type (transitional<modern< traditional) and the management type (apiary<backyard) are significantly associated with the prevalence in infestation rate of ''B. coeca''. <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>
 ----
-'''Ethiopia:''' Adeday et al. (2012) reported an infestation level of 3-6% in Ethiopia. <ref name="Adeday 2012"/> and ''B. coeca'' is considered to be a negligible risk. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/>
+'''Ethiopia:''' Adeday et al. (2012) reported an infestation level of 3-6% in Ethiopia, but ''B. coeca'' is considered to be a negligible risk. <ref name="Adeday 2012"/> <ref name="Pirk 2015"/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:01, 8 May 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	'''''Braula coeca''''' (Diptera; Braulidae), also known as bee louse, feeds on nectar and pollen directly from the honey ~~bees~~, as well as on material secreted by the host. Their larvae tunnel through the hive, damaging it and ~~eat~~ the honey and pollen. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> There is evidence, that an infestation of ''B. coeca'' leads to a reduction of worker bees and further reduces honey production rate. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice Braula coeca (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> ~~If infestated~~, a treatment with tobacco smoke ~~is recommended to reduce~~ the amount of ''Braula ~~spp.~~'' and ~~to increase~~ honey yield (compared to untreated hives). <ref>Al Ghzawi, A. A.-M., Zaitoun, S., & Shannag, H. (2009). Management of Braula orientalis Örösi (Diptera: Braulidae) in honeybee colonies with tobacco smoke under semiarid conditions. Entomological Research, 39(3), 168–174. </ref> At low presence, impact on ~~honeybee~~ populations is negligible, but ''Braula'' is known to play an important role as a vector of viruses and other diseases. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> A study by Haylegebriel (2014) revealed, that the hive type (transitional<modern< traditional) and the management type (apiary<backyard) are significantly associated with the prevalence in infestation rate of ''B. coeca''. <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>	+	'''''Braula coeca''''' (Diptera; Braulidae), also known as bee louse, feeds on nectar and pollen directly from the honey bee, as well as on material secreted by the host. Their larvae tunnel through the hive, damaging it and nourish on the honey and pollen. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> There is evidence, that an infestation of ''B. coeca'' leads to a reduction of worker bees and further reduces honey production rate. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice Braula coeca (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> A study showed, that a treatment with tobacco smoke reduces the amount of ''Braula orientalis'' and increases honey yield (compared to untreated hives). <ref>Al Ghzawi, A. A.-M., Zaitoun, S., & Shannag, H. (2009). Management of Braula orientalis Örösi (Diptera: Braulidae) in honeybee colonies with tobacco smoke under semiarid conditions. Entomological Research, 39(3), 168–174. </ref> This method may also be effective for hives, infested with ''B. coeca''. At low presence, impact on honey bee populations is negligible, but ''Braula'' is known to play an important role as a vector of viruses and other diseases. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> A study by Haylegebriel (2014) revealed, that the hive type (transitional<modern< traditional) and the management type (apiary<backyard) are significantly associated with the prevalence in infestation rate of ''B. coeca''. <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:21, 8 May 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	'''''Braula coeca''''' (Diptera; Braulidae), also known as bee louse, feeds on nectar and pollen directly from the honey bees ~~body~~, as well as on material secreted by the host. Their larvae tunnel through the hive, damaging it and eat the honey and pollen. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> There is evidence, that an infestation of ''B. coeca'' leads to a reduction of worker bees and further reduces honey production rate. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice Braula coeca (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> If infestated, a treatment with tobacco smoke is recommended to reduce the amount of ''Braula spp.'' and to increase honey yield (compared to untreated hives). <ref>Al Ghzawi, A. A.-M., Zaitoun, S., & Shannag, H. (2009). Management of Braula orientalis Örösi (Diptera: Braulidae) in honeybee colonies with tobacco smoke under semiarid conditions. Entomological Research, 39(3), 168–174. </ref> At low presence, impact on honeybee populations is negligible, but ''Braula'' is known to play an important role as a vector of viruses and other diseases. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> A study by Haylegebriel (2014) revealed, that the hive type (transitional<modern< traditional) and the management type (apiary<backyard) are significantly associated with the prevalence in infestation rate of ''B. coeca''. <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>	+	'''''Braula coeca''''' (Diptera; Braulidae), also known as bee louse, feeds on nectar and pollen directly from the honey bees, as well as on material secreted by the host. Their larvae tunnel through the hive, damaging it and eat the honey and pollen. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> There is evidence, that an infestation of ''B. coeca'' leads to a reduction of worker bees and further reduces honey production rate. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice Braula coeca (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> If infestated, a treatment with tobacco smoke is recommended to reduce the amount of ''Braula spp.'' and to increase honey yield (compared to untreated hives). <ref>Al Ghzawi, A. A.-M., Zaitoun, S., & Shannag, H. (2009). Management of Braula orientalis Örösi (Diptera: Braulidae) in honeybee colonies with tobacco smoke under semiarid conditions. Entomological Research, 39(3), 168–174. </ref> At low presence, impact on honeybee populations is negligible, but ''Braula'' is known to play an important role as a vector of viruses and other diseases. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> A study by Haylegebriel (2014) revealed, that the hive type (transitional<modern< traditional) and the management type (apiary<backyard) are significantly associated with the prevalence in infestation rate of ''B. coeca''. <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>