Biggest problems in beekeeping - Revision history

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KristinaG at 14:46, 19 November 2018

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KristinaG at 09:56, 13 November 2018

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KristinaG at 09:46, 11 June 2018

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-'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., WoldaTsadik, M., (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''bee forage''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''pests and predators''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee
+'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., WoldaTsadik, M., (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''[[bee forage]]''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''[[Honey bee health (Overview)|pests and predators]]''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee
-Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135), 1-8.</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29.</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K.,  & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection every day. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "'''[[Hive Management]]'''"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2), 107-116.</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref>  Approximately '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref>
+Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135), 1-8.</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29.</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K.,  & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection regularly. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "'''[[Hive Management]]'''"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2), 107-116.</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref>  Approximately '''95%''' of bee '''[[hive types|hives]]''' in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref>
-'''Indonesia''': The '''poor quality''' of honey bee products is the major problem in Indonesia (>25% moisture, poor hygiene, diluting of honey with sugar syrup). <ref name="Amir 2002">Amir, A., & Pengembangan, Y., U. M. (2002) Forest-Dependent Community Development Through ''Apis Cerana'' Beekeeping Programm. Apiacata, 4, 1-4. </ref> <ref name="Crane 1990">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> In addition to a '''lack of know how''' on proper bee keeping, the honey bee product yield is low. <ref name="Amir 2002"/> Most of the Indonesian beekeepers use ''A. cerana'' for beekeeping, but this honey bee species is known to be less productive than ''A. mellifera'' and to show increased '''absconding behavior'''. <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312.</ref> Unfortunately, there is not as much information on beekeeping in Indonesia compared to Ethiopia, but it is considered, that some problems are very similar in both countries (absconding of honey bees, lack of knowledge about beekeeping practices, bee forage problems, lack of storage facilities, lack of infrastructure, lack of market facilities, and the use of pesticides). <ref name="Amir 2002"/> <ref name="Crane 1990"/> <ref>Peluso, N. L. (1992).  Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, University of California Press.</ref> <ref>Akratanakul, P. (1987). Beekeeping in Asia. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, 68(4).</ref>
+'''Indonesia''': The '''poor quality''' of honey bee products is the major problem in Indonesia (>25% moisture, poor hygiene, diluting of honey with sugar syrup). <ref name="Amir 2002">Amir, A., & Pengembangan, Y., U. M. (2002) Forest-Dependent Community Development Through ''Apis Cerana'' Beekeeping Programm. Apiacata, 4, 1-4. </ref> <ref name="Crane 1990">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> In addition to a '''lack of know how''' on proper beekeeping, the honey bee product yield is low. <ref name="Amir 2002"/> Most of the Indonesian beekeepers use ''A. cerana'' for beekeeping, but this honey bee species is known to be less productive than ''A. mellifera'' and to show increased '''absconding behavior'''. <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312.</ref> Unfortunately, there is not as much information on beekeeping in Indonesia compared to Ethiopia, but it is considered, that some problems are very similar in both countries (absconding of honey bees, lack of knowledge about beekeeping practices, bee forage problems, lack of storage facilities, lack of infrastructure, lack of market facilities, and the use of pesticides). <ref name="Amir 2002"/> <ref name="Crane 1990"/> <ref>Peluso, N. L. (1992).  Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, University of California Press.</ref> <ref>Akratanakul, P. (1987). Beekeeping in Asia. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, 68(4).</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:46, 19 November 2018
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	'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., WoldaTsadik, M., (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''bee forage''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''pests and predators''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee		'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., WoldaTsadik, M., (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''bee forage''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''pests and predators''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee
−	Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135), 1-8.</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29.</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K., & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection every day. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "'''[[Hive Management]]'''"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2).</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> Approximately '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref>	+	Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135), 1-8.</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29.</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K., & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection every day. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "'''[[Hive Management]]'''"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2), 107-116.</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> Approximately '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref>

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
-'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., WoldaTsadik, M., (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''bee forage''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''pests and predators''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee
+'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., WoldaTsadik, M., (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''bee forage''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''pests and predators''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee
-Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135). https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-446X.1000135</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2015.6.1.22.29</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K.,  & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection every day. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "[[Hive Management]]"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.02.005</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref>  Approximately '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088</ref>
+Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135), 1-8.</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29.</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K.,  & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection every day. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "'''[[Hive Management]]'''"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2).</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref>  Approximately '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref>
-'''Indonesia''': The '''poor quality''' of honey bee products is the major problem in Indonesia (>25% moisture, poor hygiene, diluting of honey with sugar syrup). <ref name="Amir 2002">Amir, A., & Pengembangan, Y., U. M. (2002) Forest-Dependent Community Development Through ''Apis Cerana'' Beekeeping Programm. Apiacata, 4, 1-4. </ref> <ref name="Crane 1990">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> In addition to a '''lack of know how''' on proper bee keeping, the honey bee product yield is low. <ref name="Amir 2002"/> Most of the Indonesian beekeepers use ''A. cerana'' for beekeeping, but this honey bee species is known to be less productive than ''A. mellifera'' and to show increased '''absconding behavior'''. <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009021</ref> Unfortunately, there is not as much information on beekeeping in Indonesia compared to Ethiopia, but it is considered, that some problems are very similar in both countries (absconding of honey bees, lack of knowledge about beekeeping practices, bee forage problems, lack of storage facilities, lack of infrastructure, lack of market facilities, and the use of pesticides). <ref name="Amir 2002"/> <ref name="Crane 1990"/> <ref>Peluso, N. L. (1992).  Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, University of California Press.</ref> <ref>Akratanakul, P. (1987). Beekeeping in Asia. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, 68(4).</ref>
+'''Indonesia''': The '''poor quality''' of honey bee products is the major problem in Indonesia (>25% moisture, poor hygiene, diluting of honey with sugar syrup). <ref name="Amir 2002">Amir, A., & Pengembangan, Y., U. M. (2002) Forest-Dependent Community Development Through ''Apis Cerana'' Beekeeping Programm. Apiacata, 4, 1-4. </ref> <ref name="Crane 1990">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> In addition to a '''lack of know how''' on proper bee keeping, the honey bee product yield is low. <ref name="Amir 2002"/> Most of the Indonesian beekeepers use ''A. cerana'' for beekeeping, but this honey bee species is known to be less productive than ''A. mellifera'' and to show increased '''absconding behavior'''. <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312.</ref> Unfortunately, there is not as much information on beekeeping in Indonesia compared to Ethiopia, but it is considered, that some problems are very similar in both countries (absconding of honey bees, lack of knowledge about beekeeping practices, bee forage problems, lack of storage facilities, lack of infrastructure, lack of market facilities, and the use of pesticides). <ref name="Amir 2002"/> <ref name="Crane 1990"/> <ref>Peluso, N. L. (1992).  Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, University of California Press.</ref> <ref>Akratanakul, P. (1987). Beekeeping in Asia. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, 68(4).</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:56, 13 November 2018
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		+	The following assessment of constraints and problems may not be representative for the whole target country due to variability in local culture and conditions. In a consequence, regionally conducted scientific efforts may be contribute in the development of the whole country's beesector.
		+
		+	----
		+
		+
	'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., WoldaTsadik, M., (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''bee forage''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''pests and predators''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee		'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., WoldaTsadik, M., (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''bee forage''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''pests and predators''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee
	Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135). https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-446X.1000135</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2015.6.1.22.29</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K., & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection every day. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "[[Hive Management]]"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.02.005</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> Approximately '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088</ref>		Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135). https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-446X.1000135</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2015.6.1.22.29</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K., & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection every day. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "[[Hive Management]]"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.02.005</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> Approximately '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088</ref>

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
-'''Indonesia''': The '''poor quality''' of honey bee products is the major problem in Indonesia (>25% moisture, poor hygiene, diluting of honey with sugar syrup). <ref name="Amir 2002">Amir, A., & Pengembangan, Y., U. M. (2002) Forest-Dependent Community Development Through ''Apis Cerana'' Beekeeping Programm. Apiacata, 4, 1-4. </ref> <ref name="Crane 1990">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Heinemann Newnes.</ref> In addition to a '''lack of know how''' on proper bee keeping, the honey bee product yield is low. <ref name="Amir 2002"/> Most of the Indonesian beekeepers use ''A. cerana'' for beekeeping, but this honey bee species is known to be less productive than ''A. mellifera'' and to show increased '''absconding behavior'''. <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009021</ref> Unfortunately, there is not as much information on beekeeping in Indonesia compared to Ethiopia, but it is considered, that some problems are very similar in both countries (absconding of honey bees, lack of knowledge about beekeeping practices, bee forage problems, lack of storage facilities, lack of infrastructure, lack of market facilities, and the use of pesticides). <ref name="Amir 2002"/> <ref name="Crane 1990"/> <ref>Peluso, N. L. (1992).  Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, University of California Press.</ref> <ref>Akratanakul, P. (1987). Beekeeping in Asia. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, 68(4).</ref>
+'''Indonesia''': The '''poor quality''' of honey bee products is the major problem in Indonesia (>25% moisture, poor hygiene, diluting of honey with sugar syrup). <ref name="Amir 2002">Amir, A., & Pengembangan, Y., U. M. (2002) Forest-Dependent Community Development Through ''Apis Cerana'' Beekeeping Programm. Apiacata, 4, 1-4. </ref> <ref name="Crane 1990">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> In addition to a '''lack of know how''' on proper bee keeping, the honey bee product yield is low. <ref name="Amir 2002"/> Most of the Indonesian beekeepers use ''A. cerana'' for beekeeping, but this honey bee species is known to be less productive than ''A. mellifera'' and to show increased '''absconding behavior'''. <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009021</ref> Unfortunately, there is not as much information on beekeeping in Indonesia compared to Ethiopia, but it is considered, that some problems are very similar in both countries (absconding of honey bees, lack of knowledge about beekeeping practices, bee forage problems, lack of storage facilities, lack of infrastructure, lack of market facilities, and the use of pesticides). <ref name="Amir 2002"/> <ref name="Crane 1990"/> <ref>Peluso, N. L. (1992).  Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, University of California Press.</ref> <ref>Akratanakul, P. (1987). Beekeeping in Asia. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, 68(4).</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:47, 14 June 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., WoldaTsadik, M., (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''bee forage''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''pests and predators''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1).</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee	+	'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., WoldaTsadik, M., (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''bee forage''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''pests and predators''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee
	Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135). https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-446X.1000135</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2015.6.1.22.29</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K., & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection every day. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "[[Hive Management]]"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.02.005</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> Approximately '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088</ref>		Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135). https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-446X.1000135</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2015.6.1.22.29</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K., & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection every day. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "[[Hive Management]]"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.02.005</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> Approximately '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:19, 14 June 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., ~~Mekonen~~ WoldaTsadik, M., ~~& Zeway, E.~~ (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''bee forage''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''pests and predators''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1).</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee	+	'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., WoldaTsadik, M., (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''bee forage''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''pests and predators''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1).</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee
	Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135). https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-446X.1000135</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2015.6.1.22.29</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K., & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection every day. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "[[Hive Management]]"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.02.005</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> Approximately '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088</ref>		Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135). https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-446X.1000135</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2015.6.1.22.29</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K., & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection every day. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "[[Hive Management]]"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.02.005</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> Approximately '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:09, 14 June 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
	'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., Mekonen WoldaTsadik, M., & Zeway, E. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''bee forage''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''pests and predators''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1).</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee		'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., Mekonen WoldaTsadik, M., & Zeway, E. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''bee forage''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''pests and predators''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1).</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee
−	Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135). https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-446X.1000135</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2015.6.1.22.29</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K., & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection every day. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "[[~~hive management~~]]"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.02.005</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> Approximately '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088</ref>	+	Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135). https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-446X.1000135</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2015.6.1.22.29</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K., & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection every day. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "[[Hive Management]]"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.02.005</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> Approximately '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088</ref>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., Mekonen WoldaTsadik, M., & Zeway, E. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''bee forage''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''pests and predators''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', '''absconding''' of honey bees, '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', indiscriminately use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', '''death of the colony''', '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''lack of storage facilities''', '''swarming behavior''', '''lack of marketing facilities''' and a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1).</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee
+'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., Mekonen WoldaTsadik, M., & Zeway, E. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''bee forage''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''pests and predators''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1).</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee
-Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135). https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-446X.1000135</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2015.6.1.22.29</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K.,  & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection every day. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.02.005</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref>  Approximately '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088</ref>
+Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135). https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-446X.1000135</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2015.6.1.22.29</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K.,  & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection every day. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "[[hive management]]"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.02.005</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref>  Approximately '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088</ref>
-'''Indonesia''': The '''poor quality''' of honey bee products is the major problem in Indonesia (>25% moisture, poor hygiene, thinning of honey with sugar syrup). <ref name="Amir 2002">Amir, A., & Pengembangan, Y., U. M. (2002) Forest-Dependent Community Development Through ''Apis Cerana'' Beekeeping Programm. Apiacata, 4, 1-4. </ref> <ref name="Crane 1990">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Heinemann Newnes.</ref> In addition to a '''lack of know how''' on proper bee keeping, the honey bee product yield is low. <ref name="Amir 2002"/> Most of the Indonesian beekeepers use ''A. cerana'' for beekeeping, but this honey bee species is known to be less productive than ''A. mellifera'' and to show increased '''absconding behavior'''. <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009021</ref> Unfortunately, there is not as much information on beekeeping in Indonesia compared to Ethiopia, but it is considered, that some problems are very similar in both countries (absconding of honey bees, lack of knowledge about beekeeping practices, bee forage problems, lack of storage facilities, lack of infrastructure, lack of market facilities, and the use of pesticides). <ref name="Amir 2002"/> <ref name="Crane 1990"/> <ref>Peluso, N. L. (1992).  Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, University of California Press.</ref> <ref>Akratanakul, P. (1987). Beekeeping in Asia. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, 68(4).</ref>
+'''Indonesia''': The '''poor quality''' of honey bee products is the major problem in Indonesia (>25% moisture, poor hygiene, diluting of honey with sugar syrup). <ref name="Amir 2002">Amir, A., & Pengembangan, Y., U. M. (2002) Forest-Dependent Community Development Through ''Apis Cerana'' Beekeeping Programm. Apiacata, 4, 1-4. </ref> <ref name="Crane 1990">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Heinemann Newnes.</ref> In addition to a '''lack of know how''' on proper bee keeping, the honey bee product yield is low. <ref name="Amir 2002"/> Most of the Indonesian beekeepers use ''A. cerana'' for beekeeping, but this honey bee species is known to be less productive than ''A. mellifera'' and to show increased '''absconding behavior'''. <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009021</ref> Unfortunately, there is not as much information on beekeeping in Indonesia compared to Ethiopia, but it is considered, that some problems are very similar in both countries (absconding of honey bees, lack of knowledge about beekeeping practices, bee forage problems, lack of storage facilities, lack of infrastructure, lack of market facilities, and the use of pesticides). <ref name="Amir 2002"/> <ref name="Crane 1990"/> <ref>Peluso, N. L. (1992).  Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, University of California Press.</ref> <ref>Akratanakul, P. (1987). Beekeeping in Asia. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, 68(4).</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>