Chalkbrood - Revision history

KristinaG at 14:55, 19 November 2018

2018-11-19T14:55:39Z

KristinaG at 14:08, 19 November 2018

2018-11-19T14:08:28Z

KristinaG at 13:44, 19 November 2018

2018-11-19T13:44:02Z

KristinaG at 11:42, 15 November 2018

2018-11-15T11:42:28Z

KristinaG at 08:55, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T08:55:32Z

KristinaG at 08:53, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T08:53:03Z

KristinaG at 09:29, 5 June 2018

2018-06-05T09:29:25Z

KristinaG at 12:47, 16 May 2018

2018-05-16T12:47:39Z

KristinaG at 07:05, 9 May 2018

2018-05-09T07:05:39Z

KristinaG at 07:02, 9 May 2018

2018-05-09T07:02:54Z

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-'''''Ascosphaera apis''''' (Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae) is known to be a heterothallic fungi and the causative agent of the '''chalkbrood disease'''. Germinated spores in the intestinal tract of the brood lead to a mummification of the host. If untreated, the pathogen causes death of infected brood due to enzymatic toxicological and mechanical damage. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0313</ref>
+'''''Ascosphaera apis''''' (Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae) is known to be a heterothallic fungi and the causative agent of the '''chalkbrood disease'''. Germinated spores in the intestinal tract of the brood lead to a mummification of the host. If untreated, the pathogen causes death of infected brood due to enzymatic toxicological and mechanical damage. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.</ref>
 ----
-'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holeta and found that chalkbrood occurred in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortunately, only cryptic information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> According to a local scientist, chalkbrood is nowadays common in Ethiopian honey bee colonies, but the disease seems to have minor effects on the colonies, and therefore no treatment is applied (pers. communication with the Holeta Bee Research Center).
+'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holeta and found that chalkbrood occurred in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortunately, only cryptic information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref> According to a local scientist, chalkbrood is nowadays common in Ethiopian honey bee colonies, but the disease seems to have minor effects on the colonies, and therefore no treatment is applied (pers. communication with the Holeta Bee Research Center).

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:08, 19 November 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holeta and found that chalkbrood occurred in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortunately, only cryptic information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> According to a local scientist, chalkbrood is nowadays common in Ethiopian honey bee colonies, but the disease seems to have minor effects on the colonies, and therefore no treatment is applied (pers. communication with the Holeta Bee Research ~~Institute~~).	+	'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holeta and found that chalkbrood occurred in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortunately, only cryptic information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> According to a local scientist, chalkbrood is nowadays common in Ethiopian honey bee colonies, but the disease seems to have minor effects on the colonies, and therefore no treatment is applied (pers. communication with the Holeta Bee Research Center).

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:44, 19 November 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around ~~Holetta~~ and found that chalkbrood occurred in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortunately, only cryptic information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> According to a local scientist, chalkbrood is nowadays common in Ethiopian honey bee colonies, but the disease seems to have minor effects on the colonies, and therefore no treatment is ~~aplied~~ (pers. communication with the Holeta Bee Research Institute).	+	'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holeta and found that chalkbrood occurred in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortunately, only cryptic information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> According to a local scientist, chalkbrood is nowadays common in Ethiopian honey bee colonies, but the disease seems to have minor effects on the colonies, and therefore no treatment is applied (pers. communication with the Holeta Bee Research Institute).

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:42, 15 November 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holetta and found that chalkbrood occurred in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortunately, ~~no further~~ information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holetta and found that chalkbrood occurred in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortunately, only cryptic information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> According to a local scientist, chalkbrood is nowadays common in Ethiopian honey bee colonies, but the disease seems to have minor effects on the colonies, and therefore no treatment is aplied (pers. communication with the Holeta Bee Research Institute).

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:55, 14 June 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holetta and found that chalkbrood ~~occured~~ in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortunately, no further information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holetta and found that chalkbrood occurred in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortunately, no further information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''''Ascosphaera apis''''' (Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae) is known to be a heterothallic fungi and the causative agent of the '''chalkbrood disease'''. Germinated spores in the intestinal tract of the brood (<5 days old larvae are known to be most susceptible) lead to a mummification of the host. If untreated, the pathogen causes death due to enzymatic toxicological and mechanical damage. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0313</ref>
+'''''Ascosphaera apis''''' (Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae) is known to be a heterothallic fungi and the causative agent of the '''chalkbrood disease'''. Germinated spores in the intestinal tract of the brood lead to a mummification of the host. If untreated, the pathogen causes death of infected brood due to enzymatic toxicological and mechanical damage. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0313</ref>
 ----
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
-'''Indonesia:''' No further information is available on chalkbrood disease in Indonesia!
+'''Indonesia:''' No information is available on chalkbrood disease in Indonesia!
 ==References==
 <references/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:29, 5 June 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holetta and found that chalkbrood occured in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> ~~Unfortenitly~~, no further information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holetta and found that chalkbrood occured in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortunately, no further information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''''Ascosphaera apis''''' (Ascosphaeraceae; Onygenales) is known to be a heterothallic organism and the causative agent of the chalkbrood disease. Germinated spores in the intestinal tract of the brood (<5 days old larvae are known to be most susceptible) lead to a mummification of the host. If untreated, the pathogen causes death due to enzymatic toxicological and mechanical damage. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0313</ref>
+'''''Ascosphaera apis''''' (Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae) is known to be a heterothallic fungi and the causative agent of the '''chalkbrood disease'''. Germinated spores in the intestinal tract of the brood (<5 days old larvae are known to be most susceptible) lead to a mummification of the host. If untreated, the pathogen causes death due to enzymatic toxicological and mechanical damage. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0313</ref>
 ----
-'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holetta and found that Chalkbrood occured in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortenitly, no further information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holetta and found that chalkbrood occured in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortenitly, no further information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:02, 9 May 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. No further information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia. <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holetta and found that Chalkbrood occured in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortenitly, no further information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>