https://wikibackup.sams-project.eu/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=ClimateClimate - Revision history2026-10-21T14:54:43ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.31.8https://wikibackup.sams-project.eu/index.php?title=Climate&diff=795&oldid=prevKristinaG at 11:10, 10 December 20182018-12-10T11:10:49Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:10, 10 December 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l2" >Line 2:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 2:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (high standing sun), droughts, excessive rain and high humidity. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J., & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience, 1, 21–24.</ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y. : Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm. <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Access </del>date: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018-</del>04<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-30</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">URL</del>: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a '''later onset''' of the '''rainy season''' and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety. <ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A., & Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P., & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D., & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990, and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February'''. The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (high standing sun), droughts, excessive rain and high humidity. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J., & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience, 1, 21–24.</ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y. : Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm. <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">URL (access </ins>date: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">30.</ins>04.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018)</ins>: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a '''later onset''' of the '''rainy season''' and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety. <ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A., & Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P., & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D., & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990, and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February'''. The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>KristinaGhttps://wikibackup.sams-project.eu/index.php?title=Climate&diff=757&oldid=prevKristinaG at 08:37, 28 November 20182018-11-28T08:37:22Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:37, 28 November 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ethiopia:''' Depending on different classifications, there are '''three''' to '''five climate zones'''. The widely approved climate zones are: "'''Kolla'''" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the honey bees are very productive as well as aggressive;  "'''Woina-Dega'''" (cold-warm zone; 1,800 - 2,400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1,000 mm) and "'''Dega'''" (cold zone; 2,400 - 3,500 m altitude), where flowering occurs throughout the year, with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1,000 - 1,200 mm. <ref>Bekele-Tesemma, A., & Tengnäs, B. (2007). Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia: Identification, Propagation, and Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones. Relma in Icraf Project.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: </del>Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Gangwar, S. K., Gebremariam, H., Ebrahim, A., & Tajebe, S. (2010). Characteristics of Honey Produced by Different Plant Species in Ethiopia. Advances in Bioresearch, 1(1), 101-105.</ref>. The remaining climate zones are: "'''Bereha'''" (<1,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "'''Worech'''" (>3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1,200 - 1,500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen. <ref>Le Houérou, H. N., & Corra, M. (1980). Some Browse Plants of Ethiopia. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.</ref> Winds, originating from over the Atlantic Ocean mark seasonal rainy periods resulting in most of its rainfall occurring in the '''highlands''' (mid-June to mid-September), as well as short periods of light rains. The second main rainy season occurs in April and May. <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ethiopia:''' Depending on different classifications, there are '''three''' to '''five climate zones'''. The widely approved climate zones are: "'''Kolla'''" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the honey bees are very productive as well as aggressive;  "'''Woina-Dega'''" (cold-warm zone; 1,800 - 2,400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1,000 mm) and "'''Dega'''" (cold zone; 2,400 - 3,500 m altitude), where flowering occurs throughout the year, with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1,000 - 1,200 mm. <ref>Bekele-Tesemma, A., & Tengnäs, B. (2007). Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia: Identification, Propagation, and Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones. Relma in Icraf Project.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Gangwar, S. K., Gebremariam, H., Ebrahim, A., & Tajebe, S. (2010). Characteristics of Honey Produced by Different Plant Species in Ethiopia. Advances in Bioresearch, 1(1), 101-105.</ref>. The remaining climate zones are: "'''Bereha'''" (<1,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "'''Worech'''" (>3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1,200 - 1,500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen. <ref>Le Houérou, H. N., & Corra, M. (1980). Some Browse Plants of Ethiopia. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.</ref> Winds, originating from over the Atlantic Ocean mark seasonal rainy periods resulting in most of its rainfall occurring in the '''highlands''' (mid-June to mid-September), as well as short periods of light rains. The second main rainy season occurs in April and May. <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>KristinaGhttps://wikibackup.sams-project.eu/index.php?title=Climate&diff=679&oldid=prevKristinaG at 14:27, 19 November 20182018-11-19T14:27:48Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:27, 19 November 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l2" >Line 2:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 2:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (high standing sun), droughts, excessive rain and high humidity. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J., & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience, 1, 21–24</ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y. : Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm. <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a '''later onset''' of the '''rainy season''' and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety. <ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A., & Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P., & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D., & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990, and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February'''. The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (high standing sun), droughts, excessive rain and high humidity. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J., & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience, 1, 21–24<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins></ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y. : Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm. <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a '''later onset''' of the '''rainy season''' and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety. <ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A., & Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P., & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D., & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990, and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February'''. The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>KristinaGhttps://wikibackup.sams-project.eu/index.php?title=Climate&diff=678&oldid=prevKristinaG at 14:26, 19 November 20182018-11-19T14:26:52Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:26, 19 November 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l2" >Line 2:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 2:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (high standing sun), droughts, excessive rain and high humidity. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J., & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience.</del></ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y. : Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm. <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a '''later onset''' of the '''rainy season''' and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety. <ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A., & Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P., & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D., & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990, and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February'''. The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (high standing sun), droughts, excessive rain and high humidity. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J., & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 1, 21–24</ins></ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y. : Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm. <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a '''later onset''' of the '''rainy season''' and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety. <ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A., & Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P., & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D., & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990, and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February'''. The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>KristinaGhttps://wikibackup.sams-project.eu/index.php?title=Climate&diff=677&oldid=prevKristinaG at 14:22, 19 November 20182018-11-19T14:22:49Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:22, 19 November 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ethiopia:''' Depending on different classifications, there are '''three''' to '''five climate zones'''. The widely approved climate zones are: "'''Kolla'''" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the honey bees are very productive as well as aggressive;  "'''Woina-Dega'''" (cold-warm zone; 1,800 - 2,400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1,000 mm) and "'''Dega'''" (cold zone; 2,400 - 3,500 m altitude), where flowering occurs throughout the year, with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1,000 - 1,200 mm. <ref>Bekele-Tesemma, A., & Tengnäs, B. (2007). Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia: Identification, Propagation, and Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones. Relma in Icraf Project.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</del></ref> <ref>Gangwar, S. K., Gebremariam, H., Ebrahim, A., & Tajebe, S. (2010). Characteristics of Honey Produced by Different Plant Species in Ethiopia. Advances in Bioresearch, 1(1), 101-105.</ref>. The remaining climate zones are: "'''Bereha'''" (<1,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "'''Worech'''" (>3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1,200 - 1,500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen. <ref>Le Houérou, H. N., & Corra, M. (1980). Some Browse Plants of Ethiopia. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.</ref> Winds, originating from over the Atlantic Ocean mark seasonal rainy periods resulting in most of its rainfall occurring in the '''highlands''' (mid-June to mid-September), as well as short periods of light rains. The second main rainy season occurs in April and May. <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ethiopia:''' Depending on different classifications, there are '''three''' to '''five climate zones'''. The widely approved climate zones are: "'''Kolla'''" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the honey bees are very productive as well as aggressive;  "'''Woina-Dega'''" (cold-warm zone; 1,800 - 2,400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1,000 mm) and "'''Dega'''" (cold zone; 2,400 - 3,500 m altitude), where flowering occurs throughout the year, with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1,000 - 1,200 mm. <ref>Bekele-Tesemma, A., & Tengnäs, B. (2007). Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia: Identification, Propagation, and Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones. Relma in Icraf Project.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Gangwar, S. K., Gebremariam, H., Ebrahim, A., & Tajebe, S. (2010). Characteristics of Honey Produced by Different Plant Species in Ethiopia. Advances in Bioresearch, 1(1), 101-105.</ref>. The remaining climate zones are: "'''Bereha'''" (<1,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "'''Worech'''" (>3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1,200 - 1,500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen. <ref>Le Houérou, H. N., & Corra, M. (1980). Some Browse Plants of Ethiopia. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.</ref> Winds, originating from over the Atlantic Ocean mark seasonal rainy periods resulting in most of its rainfall occurring in the '''highlands''' (mid-June to mid-September), as well as short periods of light rains. The second main rainy season occurs in April and May. <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (high standing sun), droughts, excessive rain and high humidity. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J., & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo.2007.38</del></ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y. : Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm. <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a '''later onset''' of the '''rainy season''' and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety. <ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A., & Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P., & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D., & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990, and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February'''. The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (high standing sun), droughts, excessive rain and high humidity. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J., & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience.</ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y. : Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm. <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a '''later onset''' of the '''rainy season''' and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety. <ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A., & Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P., & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D., & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990, and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February'''. The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>KristinaGhttps://wikibackup.sams-project.eu/index.php?title=Climate&diff=448&oldid=prevKristinaG at 13:12, 13 June 20182018-06-13T13:12:28Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:12, 13 June 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l2" >Line 2:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 2:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (high standing sun), droughts, excessive rain and high humidity. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J., & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo.2007.38</ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Comstock Pub <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Assoc</del>.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm. <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a '''later onset''' of the '''rainy season''' and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety. <ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A., & Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P., & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D., & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990, and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February'''. The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (high standing sun), droughts, excessive rain and high humidity. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J., & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo.2007.38</ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ithaca, N.Y. : </ins>Comstock Pub<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Associates</ins>.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm. <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a '''later onset''' of the '''rainy season''' and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety. <ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A., & Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P., & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D., & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990, and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February'''. The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>KristinaGhttps://wikibackup.sams-project.eu/index.php?title=Climate&diff=424&oldid=prevKristinaG at 09:20, 13 June 20182018-06-13T09:20:40Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:20, 13 June 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ethiopia:''' Depending on different classifications, there are '''three''' to '''five climate zones'''. The widely approved climate zones are: "'''Kolla'''" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the honey bees are very productive as well as aggressive;  "'''Woina-Dega'''" (cold-warm zone; 1,800 - 2,400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1,000 mm) and "'''Dega'''" (cold zone; 2,400 - 3,500 m altitude), where flowering occurs throughout the year, with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1,000 - 1,200 mm. <ref>Bekele-Tesemma, A., & Tengnäs, B. (2007). Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia: Identification, Propagation, and Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones. Relma in Icraf Project.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</ref> <ref>Gangwar, S. K., Gebremariam, H., Ebrahim, A., & Tajebe, S. (2010). Characteristics of Honey Produced by Different Plant Species in Ethiopia. Advances in Bioresearch, 1(1), 101-105.</ref>. The remaining climate zones are: "'''Bereha'''" (<1,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "'''Worech'''" (>3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1,200 - 1,500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen. <ref>Le Houérou, H. N., & Corra, M. (1980). Some Browse Plants of Ethiopia. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.</ref> Winds, originating from over the Atlantic Ocean mark seasonal rainy periods resulting in most of its rainfall <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">occuring </del>in the '''highlands''' (mid-June to mid-September), as well as short periods of light rains. The second main rainy season occurs in April and May. <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ethiopia:''' Depending on different classifications, there are '''three''' to '''five climate zones'''. The widely approved climate zones are: "'''Kolla'''" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the honey bees are very productive as well as aggressive;  "'''Woina-Dega'''" (cold-warm zone; 1,800 - 2,400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1,000 mm) and "'''Dega'''" (cold zone; 2,400 - 3,500 m altitude), where flowering occurs throughout the year, with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1,000 - 1,200 mm. <ref>Bekele-Tesemma, A., & Tengnäs, B. (2007). Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia: Identification, Propagation, and Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones. Relma in Icraf Project.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</ref> <ref>Gangwar, S. K., Gebremariam, H., Ebrahim, A., & Tajebe, S. (2010). Characteristics of Honey Produced by Different Plant Species in Ethiopia. Advances in Bioresearch, 1(1), 101-105.</ref>. The remaining climate zones are: "'''Bereha'''" (<1,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "'''Worech'''" (>3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1,200 - 1,500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen. <ref>Le Houérou, H. N., & Corra, M. (1980). Some Browse Plants of Ethiopia. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.</ref> Winds, originating from over the Atlantic Ocean mark seasonal rainy periods resulting in most of its rainfall <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">occurring </ins>in the '''highlands''' (mid-June to mid-September), as well as short periods of light rains. The second main rainy season occurs in April and May. <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (high standing sun), droughts, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">exzessive </del>rain and high humidity. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J., & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo.2007.38</ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Comstock Pub Assoc.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm. <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a '''later onset''' of the '''rainy season''' and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety. <ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A., & Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P., & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D., & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990, and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February'''. The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (high standing sun), droughts, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">excessive </ins>rain and high humidity. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J., & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo.2007.38</ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Comstock Pub Assoc.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm. <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a '''later onset''' of the '''rainy season''' and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety. <ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A., & Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P., & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D., & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990, and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February'''. The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>KristinaGhttps://wikibackup.sams-project.eu/index.php?title=Climate&diff=423&oldid=prevKristinaG at 09:13, 13 June 20182018-06-13T09:13:40Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:13, 13 June 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ethiopia:''' Depending on different classifications, there are '''three''' to '''five climate zones'''. The widely approved climate zones are: "'''Kolla'''" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the honey bees are very productive as well as aggressive;  "'''Woina-Dega'''" (cold-warm zone; 1,800 - 2,400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1,000 mm) and "'''Dega'''" (cold zone; 2,400 - 3,500 m altitude), where flowering occurs throughout the year, with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1,000 - 1,200 mm. <ref>Bekele-Tesemma, A., & Tengnäs, B. (2007). Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia: Identification, Propagation, and Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones. Relma in Icraf Project.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</ref> <ref>Gangwar, S. K., Gebremariam, H., Ebrahim A., & Tajebe, S. (2010). Characteristics of Honey Produced by Different Plant Species in Ethiopia. Advances in Bioresearch, 1(1), 101-105.</ref>. The remaining climate zones are: "'''Bereha'''" (<1,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "'''Worech'''" (>3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1,200 - 1,500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen. <ref>Le Houérou, H. N., & Corra, M. (1980). Some Browse Plants of Ethiopia. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.</ref> Winds, originating from over the Atlantic Ocean mark seasonal rainy periods resulting in most of its rainfall occuring in the '''highlands''' (mid-June to mid-September), as well as short periods of light rains. The second main rainy season occurs in April and May. <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ethiopia:''' Depending on different classifications, there are '''three''' to '''five climate zones'''. The widely approved climate zones are: "'''Kolla'''" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the honey bees are very productive as well as aggressive;  "'''Woina-Dega'''" (cold-warm zone; 1,800 - 2,400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1,000 mm) and "'''Dega'''" (cold zone; 2,400 - 3,500 m altitude), where flowering occurs throughout the year, with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1,000 - 1,200 mm. <ref>Bekele-Tesemma, A., & Tengnäs, B. (2007). Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia: Identification, Propagation, and Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones. Relma in Icraf Project.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</ref> <ref>Gangwar, S. K., Gebremariam, H., Ebrahim<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>A., & Tajebe, S. (2010). Characteristics of Honey Produced by Different Plant Species in Ethiopia. Advances in Bioresearch, 1(1), 101-105.</ref>. The remaining climate zones are: "'''Bereha'''" (<1,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "'''Worech'''" (>3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1,200 - 1,500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen. <ref>Le Houérou, H. N., & Corra, M. (1980). Some Browse Plants of Ethiopia. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.</ref> Winds, originating from over the Atlantic Ocean mark seasonal rainy periods resulting in most of its rainfall occuring in the '''highlands''' (mid-June to mid-September), as well as short periods of light rains. The second main rainy season occurs in April and May. <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>KristinaGhttps://wikibackup.sams-project.eu/index.php?title=Climate&diff=422&oldid=prevKristinaG at 09:10, 13 June 20182018-06-13T09:10:12Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:10, 13 June 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ethiopia:''' Depending on different classifications, there are '''three''' to '''five climate zones'''. The widely approved climate zones are: "'''Kolla'''" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the bees are very productive as well as aggressive;  "'''Woina-Dega'''" (cold-warm zone; 1,800 - 2,400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1,000 mm) and "'''Dega'''" (cold zone; 2,400 - 3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1,000 - 1,200 mm<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, flowering occurs throughout the year and there is a lower predator pressure on bees</del>. <ref>Bekele-Tesemma, A., & Tengnäs, B. (2007). Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia: Identification, Propagation, and Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones. Relma in Icraf Project.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</ref> <ref>Gangwar, S. K., Gebremariam, H., Ebrahim A., & Tajebe, S. (2010). Characteristics of Honey Produced by Different Plant Species in Ethiopia. Advances in Bioresearch, 1(1), 101-105.</ref>. The remaining climate zones are: "'''Bereha'''" (<1,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "'''Worech'''" (>3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1,200 - 1,500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen <ref>Le Houérou, H. N., & Corra, M. (1980). Some Browse Plants of Ethiopia. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.</ref> Winds, originating from over the Atlantic Ocean mark seasonal rainy periods resulting in most of its rainfall occuring in the '''highlands''' (mid-June to mid-September), as well as short periods of light rains. The second main rainy season occurs in April and May. <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ethiopia:''' Depending on different classifications, there are '''three''' to '''five climate zones'''. The widely approved climate zones are: "'''Kolla'''" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">honey </ins>bees are very productive as well as aggressive;  "'''Woina-Dega'''" (cold-warm zone; 1,800 - 2,400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1,000 mm) and "'''Dega'''" (cold zone; 2,400 - 3,500 m altitude)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, where flowering occurs throughout the year, </ins>with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1,000 - 1,200 mm. <ref>Bekele-Tesemma, A., & Tengnäs, B. (2007). Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia: Identification, Propagation, and Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones. Relma in Icraf Project.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</ref> <ref>Gangwar, S. K., Gebremariam, H., Ebrahim A., & Tajebe, S. (2010). Characteristics of Honey Produced by Different Plant Species in Ethiopia. Advances in Bioresearch, 1(1), 101-105.</ref>. The remaining climate zones are: "'''Bereha'''" (<1,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "'''Worech'''" (>3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1,200 - 1,500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. </ins><ref>Le Houérou, H. N., & Corra, M. (1980). Some Browse Plants of Ethiopia. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.</ref> Winds, originating from over the Atlantic Ocean mark seasonal rainy periods resulting in most of its rainfall occuring in the '''highlands''' (mid-June to mid-September), as well as short periods of light rains. The second main rainy season occurs in April and May. <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">overhead </del>sun), droughts, exzessive rain and high humidity. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J., & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo.2007.38</ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Comstock Pub Assoc.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a '''later onset''' of the '''rainy season''' and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety. <ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A., & Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P., & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D., & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990, and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February''' <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(SON/DJF)</del>. The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">high standing </ins>sun), droughts, exzessive rain and high humidity. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J., & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo.2007.38</ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Comstock Pub Assoc.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. </ins><ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a '''later onset''' of the '''rainy season''' and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety. <ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A., & Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P., & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D., & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990, and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February'''. The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>KristinaGhttps://wikibackup.sams-project.eu/index.php?title=Climate&diff=329&oldid=prevKristinaG at 07:53, 6 June 20182018-06-06T07:53:10Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:53, 6 June 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ethiopia:''' Depending on different classifications, there are '''three''' to '''five climate zones'''. The widely approved climate zones are: "'''Kolla'''" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the bees are very productive as well as aggressive;  "'''Woina-Dega'''" (cold-warm zone; 1,800 - 2,400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1,000 mm) and "Dega" (cold zone; 2,400 - 3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1,000 - 1,200 mm, flowering occurs throughout the year and there is a lower predator pressure on bees. <ref>Bekele-Tesemma, A., & Tengnäs, B. (2007). Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia: Identification, Propagation, and Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones. Relma in Icraf Project.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</ref> <ref>Gangwar, S. K., Gebremariam, H., Ebrahim A., & Tajebe, S. (2010). Characteristics of Honey Produced by Different Plant Species in Ethiopia. Advances in Bioresearch, 1(1), 101-105.</ref>. The remaining climate zones are: "'''Bereha'''" (<1,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "'''Worech'''" (>3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1,200 - 1,500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen <ref>Le Houérou, H. N. & Corra, M. (1980). Some Browse Plants of Ethiopia. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. </del>Winds, originating from over the Atlantic <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ocean </del>mark seasonal rainy periods resulting in most of its rainfall in the '''highlands''' (mid-June to mid-September), as well as short periods of light rains. The second main rainy season <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is situated </del>in April and May. <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K. & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ethiopia:''' Depending on different classifications, there are '''three''' to '''five climate zones'''. The widely approved climate zones are: "'''Kolla'''" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the bees are very productive as well as aggressive;  "'''Woina-Dega'''" (cold-warm zone; 1,800 - 2,400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1,000 mm) and "<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</ins>Dega<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</ins>" (cold zone; 2,400 - 3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1,000 - 1,200 mm, flowering occurs throughout the year and there is a lower predator pressure on bees. <ref>Bekele-Tesemma, A., & Tengnäs, B. (2007). Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia: Identification, Propagation, and Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones. Relma in Icraf Project.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</ref> <ref>Gangwar, S. K., Gebremariam, H., Ebrahim A., & Tajebe, S. (2010). Characteristics of Honey Produced by Different Plant Species in Ethiopia. Advances in Bioresearch, 1(1), 101-105.</ref>. The remaining climate zones are: "'''Bereha'''" (<1,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "'''Worech'''" (>3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1,200 - 1,500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen <ref>Le Houérou, H. N.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>& Corra, M. (1980). Some Browse Plants of Ethiopia. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.</ref> Winds, originating from over the Atlantic <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ocean </ins>mark seasonal rainy periods resulting in most of its rainfall <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">occuring </ins>in the '''highlands''' (mid-June to mid-September), as well as short periods of light rains. The second main rainy season <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">occurs </ins>in April and May. <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>& Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (overhead sun), droughts, exzessive rain<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>high humidity <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and high winds</del>. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J. & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience. doi<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:</del>10.1038/ngeo.2007.38</ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Comstock Pub Assoc.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. </del>In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a later onset of the rainy season and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety <ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A. & Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P. & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D. & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990 and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February''' (SON/DJF). The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (overhead sun), droughts, exzessive rain <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </ins>high humidity. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>& Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https://</ins>doi<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.org/</ins>10.1038/ngeo.2007.38</ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Comstock Pub Assoc.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</ins>later onset<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</ins>rainy season<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' </ins>and '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. </ins><ref>Hamada, J.-I., Yamanaka, M. D., Matsumoto, J., Fujao S., Winarso, P. A.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>& Sribimawati, T. (2002). Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80(2), 285-310.</ref> <ref name="Hughen 2002">Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>& Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>& Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> By analysing the Indonesian rainfall data of the years 1961-1990<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and by comparing the results with those before 1960, Hamada et al. (2002) concluded that there are '''four major climatic subregions''' in Indonesia. The main part of Indonesia is situated in the southern hemisphere and is characterized by an annual cycle with its rainfall maximum during '''September to February''' (SON/DJF). The regions situated near the equator or in the northern hemisphere show a semi-annual cycle with its annual rainfall maximum in '''September-November''' in western parts of the Kalimantan central mountains and a different annual cycle with a maximum during '''March-August''' (relatively small rainfall). The other areas of Indonesia are known to not have clearly defined rainy and dry seasons. <ref name="Hughen 2002"/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>KristinaG