G. mellonella - Revision history

KristinaG at 14:48, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T14:48:27Z

KristinaG at 14:56, 19 November 2018

2018-11-19T14:56:33Z

KristinaG at 09:55, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T09:55:44Z

KristinaG at 09:18, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T09:18:52Z

KristinaG at 09:15, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T09:15:18Z

KristinaG at 09:18, 12 June 2018

2018-06-12T09:18:29Z

KristinaG at 14:05, 30 May 2018

2018-05-30T14:05:01Z

KristinaG at 12:50, 16 May 2018

2018-05-16T12:50:20Z

KristinaG at 11:59, 8 May 2018

2018-05-08T11:59:01Z

KristinaG at 06:38, 8 May 2018

2018-05-08T06:38:07Z

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
-'''Indonesia:''' According to Crane (1990) an infestation of ''A. cerana'' with ''G. mellonella'' can get severe, especially during the summer dearth. This kind of infestation is one of the main reasons of absconding. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> It is recommended to reduce the size of the hive entrance to avoid intrusion of adult wax moths. <ref name="Pribadi 2016"/> However, there is a lack of data on the dangerousness and presence of ''Galleria mellonella'' and ''Achroia grisella'' in Indonesia! <ref>Kwadha, C. A., Ong’amo, G. O., Ndegwa, P. N., Raina, S. K., & Fombong, A. T. (2017). The Biology and Control of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella. Insects, 8(61), 1-17.</ref>
+'''Indonesia:''' According to Crane (1990) an infestation of ''A. cerana'' with ''G. mellonella'' can get severe, especially during the summer dearth. This kind of infestation is one of the main reasons of absconding. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> It is recommended to reduce the size of the hive entrance to avoid intrusion of adult wax moths. <ref name="Pribadi 2016"/> However, there is a lack of data on the dangerousness and presence of ''Galleria mellonella'' and ''Achroia grisella'' in Indonesia! <ref>Kwadha, C. A., Ong’amo, G. O., Ndegwa, P. N., Raina, S. K., & Fombong, A. T. (2017). The Biology and Control of the Greater Wax Moth, ''Galleria mellonella''. Insects, 8(61), 1-17.</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''''Galleria mellonella''''' as well as '''''Achroia grisella''''' (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) are also known as '''wax moths'''. Wax moth larvae consume remaining '''combs''' and '''stores'''. They are also known to not only infest living honey bee colonies, but also the '''wax comb storages''' of the beekeeper (i.e. field and store pest). They damage the honey bee colony by '''tunnelling''' through the hive with its honey combs, brood and even through the wood. By reducing the mass of the combs, an infestation with wax moths can lead to '''bald brood''' and '''galleriasis'''. The moths can also function as '''vector''' for pathogens. In general, it can be considered, that an infestation with wax moths get severe, if the honey bee colony was already '''weakened''' in the first place. <ref name="Morse 1990>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> <ref name="Pribadi 2016">Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah ''Apis cerana'' Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>
+'''''Galleria mellonella''''' as well as '''''Achroia grisella''''' (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) are also known as '''wax moths'''. Wax moth larvae consume remaining '''combs''' and '''stores'''. They are also known to not only infest living honey bee colonies, but also the '''wax comb storages''' of the beekeeper (i.e. field and store pest). They damage the honey bee colony by '''tunnelling''' through the hive with its honey combs, brood and even through the wood. By reducing the mass of the combs, an infestation with wax moths can lead to '''bald brood''' and '''galleriasis'''. The moths can also function as '''vector''' for pathogens. In general, it can be considered, that an infestation with wax moths get severe, if the honey bee colony was already '''weakened''' in the first place. <ref name="Morse 1990>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref> <ref name="Pribadi 2016">Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah ''Apis cerana'' Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>
 ----
-'''Ethiopia:''' Wax moths are present all over Ethiopia (>20% investation level) with the highest prevalence in the months December to March. A study revealed that among the infested colonies, 56-75% absconded or were affected by the parasite. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> <ref name="Desalegn 2015">Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reported, that wax moths are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. Participant beekeepers reported, that 18% of their honey bee colonies were weak and affected by a numerous amount of wax moths. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> Cleaning the apiary, removing of old combs or hives and strengthening of the colony are considered methods to treat an infestation, or to avoid one with wax moths (''G. mellonella, Achroia grisella''). <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2015.6.1.22.29</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' Wax moths are present all over Ethiopia (>20% investation level) with the highest prevalence in the months December to March. A study revealed that among the infested colonies, 56-75% absconded or were affected by the parasite. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> <ref name="Desalegn 2015">Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-96.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reported, that wax moths are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. Participant beekeepers reported, that 18% of their honey bee colonies were weak and affected by a numerous amount of wax moths. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> Cleaning the apiary, removing of old combs or hives and strengthening of the colony are considered methods to treat an infestation, or to avoid one with wax moths (''G. mellonella, Achroia grisella''). <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29.</ref>
-'''Indonesia:''' According to Crane (1990) an infestation of ''A. cerana'' with ''G. mellonella'' can get severe, especially during the summer dearth. This kind of infestation is one of the main reasons of absconding. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> It is recommended to reduce the size of the hive entrance to avoid intrusion of adult wax moths. <ref name="Pribadi 2016"/> However, there is a lack of data on the dangerousness and presence of ''Galleria mellonella'' and ''Achroia grisella'' in Indonesia! <ref>Kwadha, C. A., Ong’amo, G. O., Ndegwa, P. N., Raina, S. K., & Fombong, A. T. (2017). The Biology and Control of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella. Insects, 8(61), 1-17.  https://doi.org/10.3390/insects8020061</ref>
+'''Indonesia:''' According to Crane (1990) an infestation of ''A. cerana'' with ''G. mellonella'' can get severe, especially during the summer dearth. This kind of infestation is one of the main reasons of absconding. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> It is recommended to reduce the size of the hive entrance to avoid intrusion of adult wax moths. <ref name="Pribadi 2016"/> However, there is a lack of data on the dangerousness and presence of ''Galleria mellonella'' and ''Achroia grisella'' in Indonesia! <ref>Kwadha, C. A., Ong’amo, G. O., Ndegwa, P. N., Raina, S. K., & Fombong, A. T. (2017). The Biology and Control of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella. Insects, 8(61), 1-17.</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
-'''Indonesia:''' According to Crane (1990) an infestation of ''A. cerana'' with ''G. mellonella'' can get severe, especially during the summer dearth. This kind of infestation is one of the main reasons of absconding. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Heinemann Newnes.</ref> It is recommended to reduce the size of the hive entrance to avoid intrusion of adult wax moths. <ref name="Pribadi 2016"/> However, there is a lack of data on the dangerousness and presence of ''Galleria mellonella'' and ''Achroia grisella'' in Indonesia! <ref>Kwadha, C. A., Ong’amo, G. O., Ndegwa, P. N., Raina, S. K., & Fombong, A. T. (2017). The Biology and Control of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella. Insects, 8(61), 1-17.  https://doi.org/10.3390/insects8020061</ref>
+'''Indonesia:''' According to Crane (1990) an infestation of ''A. cerana'' with ''G. mellonella'' can get severe, especially during the summer dearth. This kind of infestation is one of the main reasons of absconding. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> It is recommended to reduce the size of the hive entrance to avoid intrusion of adult wax moths. <ref name="Pribadi 2016"/> However, there is a lack of data on the dangerousness and presence of ''Galleria mellonella'' and ''Achroia grisella'' in Indonesia! <ref>Kwadha, C. A., Ong’amo, G. O., Ndegwa, P. N., Raina, S. K., & Fombong, A. T. (2017). The Biology and Control of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella. Insects, 8(61), 1-17.  https://doi.org/10.3390/insects8020061</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''''Galleria mellonella''''' as well as '''''Achroia grisella''''' (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) are also known as '''wax moths'''. Wax moth larvae consume remaining combs and stores. They are also known to not only infest living honey bee colonies, but also the wax comb storages of the beekeeper (i.e. field and store pest). They damage the honey bee colony by tunneling through the hive with its honey combs, brood and even through the wood.  By reducing the mass of the combs, an infestation with wax moths can lead to '''bald brood''' and '''galleriasis'''. The moths can also function as vector for '''pathogens'''. In general, it can be considered, that an infestation with wax moths get severe, if the honey bee colonie was already weakend in the first place. <ref name="Morse 1990>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> <ref name="Pribadi 2016">Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah ''Apis cerana'' Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>
+'''''Galleria mellonella''''' as well as '''''Achroia grisella''''' (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) are also known as '''wax moths'''. Wax moth larvae consume remaining '''combs''' and '''stores'''. They are also known to not only infest living honey bee colonies, but also the '''wax comb storages''' of the beekeeper (i.e. field and store pest). They damage the honey bee colony by '''tunnelling''' through the hive with its honey combs, brood and even through the wood. By reducing the mass of the combs, an infestation with wax moths can lead to '''bald brood''' and '''galleriasis'''. The moths can also function as '''vector''' for pathogens. In general, it can be considered, that an infestation with wax moths get severe, if the honey bee colony was already '''weakened''' in the first place. <ref name="Morse 1990>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> <ref name="Pribadi 2016">Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah ''Apis cerana'' Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>
 ----
-'''Ethiopia:''' Wax moths are present all over Ethiopia (>20% investation level) with the highest prevalance in the months December to March. A study reveiled, that among the infested colonies, 56-75% absconded or were affected by the parasite. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> <ref name="Desalegn 2015">Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reported, that wax moths are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. Participant beekeepers reported, that 18% of their honey bee colonies were weak and affected by a numerous amount of wax moths. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> Cleaning the apiary, removing of old combs or hives and strengthening of the colony are considered methods to treat an infestation, or to avoid one with wax moths (''G. mellonella, Achroia grisella''). <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2015.6.1.22.29</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' Wax moths are present all over Ethiopia (>20% investation level) with the highest prevalence in the months December to March. A study revealed that among the infested colonies, 56-75% absconded or were affected by the parasite. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> <ref name="Desalegn 2015">Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reported, that wax moths are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. Participant beekeepers reported, that 18% of their honey bee colonies were weak and affected by a numerous amount of wax moths. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> Cleaning the apiary, removing of old combs or hives and strengthening of the colony are considered methods to treat an infestation, or to avoid one with wax moths (''G. mellonella, Achroia grisella''). <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2015.6.1.22.29</ref>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''''Galleria mellonella''''' as well as '''''Achroia grisella''''' (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) are also known as '''wax moths'''. Wax moth larvae consume remaining combs and stores. They damage the honey bee colony by tunneling through the hive with its honey combs, brood and even through the wood.  By reducing the mass of the combs, an infestation with wax moths can lead to '''bald brood''' and '''galleriasis'''. The moths can also function as vector for '''pathogens'''. In general, it can be considered, that an infestation with wax moths get severe, if the honey bee colonie was already weakend in the first place. <ref name="Morse 1990>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> <ref name="Pribadi 2016">Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah ''Apis Cerana'' Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>
+'''''Galleria mellonella''''' as well as '''''Achroia grisella''''' (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) are also known as '''wax moths'''. Wax moth larvae consume remaining combs and stores. They are also known to not only infest living honey bee colonies, but also the wax comb storages of the beekeeper (i.e. field and store pest). They damage the honey bee colony by tunneling through the hive with its honey combs, brood and even through the wood.  By reducing the mass of the combs, an infestation with wax moths can lead to '''bald brood''' and '''galleriasis'''. The moths can also function as vector for '''pathogens'''. In general, it can be considered, that an infestation with wax moths get severe, if the honey bee colonie was already weakend in the first place. <ref name="Morse 1990>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> <ref name="Pribadi 2016">Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah ''Apis cerana'' Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>
 ----
-'''Ethiopia:''' Wax moths are present all over Ethiopia (>20% investation level) with the highest prevelance in the months December to March. A study reveiled, that among the infested colonies, 56-75% absconded or were affected by the parasite. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> <ref name="Desalegn 2015">Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reported, that wax moths are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. Participant beekeepers reported, that 18% of their honey bee colonies were weak and affected by a numerous amount of wax moths. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' Wax moths are present all over Ethiopia (>20% investation level) with the highest prevalance in the months December to March. A study reveiled, that among the infested colonies, 56-75% absconded or were affected by the parasite. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> <ref name="Desalegn 2015">Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reported, that wax moths are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. Participant beekeepers reported, that 18% of their honey bee colonies were weak and affected by a numerous amount of wax moths. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> Cleaning the apiary, removing of old combs or hives and strengthening of the colony are considered methods to treat an infestation, or to avoid one with wax moths (''G. mellonella, Achroia grisella''). <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2015.6.1.22.29</ref>
-'''Indonesia:''' According to Crane (1990) an infestation of ''A. cerana'' with ''G. mellonella'' can get severe, especially during the summer dearth. This kind of infestation is one of the main reasons of absconding. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Heinemann Newnes.</ref> It is recommended to reduce the size of the hive entrance to avoid intrusion of adult wax moths. <ref name="Pribadi 2016"/> However, there is a lack of data on the dangerousness and presence of ''Galleria mellonella'' and ''Achroia grisella'' in Indonesia!
+'''Indonesia:''' According to Crane (1990) an infestation of ''A. cerana'' with ''G. mellonella'' can get severe, especially during the summer dearth. This kind of infestation is one of the main reasons of absconding. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Heinemann Newnes.</ref> It is recommended to reduce the size of the hive entrance to avoid intrusion of adult wax moths. <ref name="Pribadi 2016"/> However, there is a lack of data on the dangerousness and presence of ''Galleria mellonella'' and ''Achroia grisella'' in Indonesia! <ref>Kwadha, C. A., Ong’amo, G. O., Ndegwa, P. N., Raina, S. K., & Fombong, A. T. (2017). The Biology and Control of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella. Insects, 8(61), 1-17.  https://doi.org/10.3390/insects8020061</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:05, 30 May 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' Wax moths are present all over Ethiopia, ~~but are considered to be a negligible risk for honey bee~~ colonies. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> A study conducted by Tolera Kumsa & Dejene Takele (2014) reported, that wax moths are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. Participant beekeepers reported, that 18% of their honey bee colonies were weak and affected by a numerous amount of wax moths. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' Wax moths are present all over Ethiopia (>20% investation level) with the highest prevelance in the months December to March. A study reveiled, that among the infested colonies, 56-75% absconded or were affected by the parasite. <ref name="Desalegn 2015">Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.</ref> <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> A study conducted by Tolera Kumsa & Dejene Takele (2014) reported, that wax moths are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. Participant beekeepers reported, that 18% of their honey bee colonies were weak and affected by a numerous amount of wax moths. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:50, 16 May 2018
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−	'''''Galleria mellonella''''' as well as '''''Achroia grisella''''' (Pyralidae~~; Lepidoptera~~) are also known as wax moths. Wax moth larvae consume remaining combs and stores. They damage the honey bee colony by tunneling through the hive with its honey combs, brood and ~~evend~~ through the wood. By reducing the mass of the combs, an infestation with wax moths can lead to bald brood and galleriasis. The moths can also function as vector for pathogens. In general, it can be considered, that an infestation with wax moths get severe, if the honey bee colonie was already weakend in the first place. <ref name="Morse 1990>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> <ref name="Pribadi 2016">Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah ''Apis Cerana'' Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>	+	'''''Galleria mellonella''''' as well as '''''Achroia grisella''''' (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) are also known as '''wax moths'''. Wax moth larvae consume remaining combs and stores. They damage the honey bee colony by tunneling through the hive with its honey combs, brood and even through the wood. By reducing the mass of the combs, an infestation with wax moths can lead to '''bald brood''' and '''galleriasis'''. The moths can also function as vector for '''pathogens'''. In general, it can be considered, that an infestation with wax moths get severe, if the honey bee colonie was already weakend in the first place. <ref name="Morse 1990>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> <ref name="Pribadi 2016">Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah ''Apis Cerana'' Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>
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-'''''Galleria mellonella''''' as well as '''''Achroia grisella''''' (Pyralidae; Lepidoptera) are also known as wax moths. Wax moth larvae consume remaining combs and stores. They damage the honey bee colony by tunneling through the hive with its honey combs, brood and evend trough the wood.  By reducing the mass of the combs, an infestation with wax moth can lead to bald brood and galleriasis. The moths can also function as vector for pathogens. <ref name="Morse 1990>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> <ref>Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah ''Apis Cerana'' Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>
+'''''Galleria mellonella''''' as well as '''''Achroia grisella''''' (Pyralidae; Lepidoptera) are also known as wax moths. Wax moth larvae consume remaining combs and stores. They damage the honey bee colony by tunneling through the hive with its honey combs, brood and evend through the wood.  By reducing the mass of the combs, an infestation with wax moths can lead to bald brood and galleriasis. The moths can also function as vector for pathogens. In general, it can be considered, that an infestation with wax moths get severe, if the honey bee colonie was already weakend in the first place. <ref name="Morse 1990>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref> <ref name="Pribadi 2016">Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah ''Apis Cerana'' Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>
-'''Ethiopia:'''  <ref name="Morse 1990"/>
+'''Ethiopia:''' Wax moths are present all over Ethiopia, but are considered to be a negligible risk for honey bee colonies. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> A study conducted by Tolera Kumsa & Dejene Takele (2014) reported, that wax moths are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. Participant beekeepers reported, that 18% of their honey bee colonies were weak and affected by a numerous amount of wax moths. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref>
-'''Indonesia:'''
+'''Indonesia:''' According to Crane (1990) an infestation of ''A. cerana'' with ''G. mellonella'' can get severe, especially during the summer dearth. This kind of infestation is one of the main reasons of absconding. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Heinemann Newnes.</ref> It is recommended to reduce the size of the hive entrance to avoid intrusion of adult wax moths. <ref name="Pribadi 2016"/> However, there is a lack of data about the dangerousness and presence of ''Galleria mellonella'' and ''Achroia grisella'' in Indonesia!
 ==References==
 <references/>