Hive Management - Revision history

KristinaG at 09:12, 12 December 2019

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KristinaG at 10:43, 27 November 2019

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KristinaG at 12:39, 10 December 2018

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KristinaG at 14:40, 15 November 2018

2018-11-15T14:40:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:12, 12 December 2019
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' A study in 2006 revealed, that the best time to offer additional food (''A. mellifera bandasii'') is the occurrence of '''4-5 sealed brood combs''' and '''freshly secreted, white beeswax''' on top of the frames at the base of the hive. <ref>Kibebew, W., & Dereje, W. (2006). Investigating indicative conditions for supering the honey bee colonies at central highlands of Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of 5th National Annual Conferences of The Ethiopian Beekeepers Association. 52-61.</ref> An assessment on beekeeping practices in the Jigjiga Region (2015) revealed that interviewed beekeepers are aware of the importance of water availability for their honey bees. They '''provide water''' in form of '''waterholes''', '''ponds''', or '''rivers/streams''' near the apiaries. <ref name="Fikru">Fikru, S. (2015). Review of Honey Bee and Honey Production in Ethiopia. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 5(10), 1413-1421.</ref> Not all beekeepers offer supplementary feeding. While Assemu et al. (2013) revealed that over 60% of surveyed beekeepers in the western Amhara region provide supplementary bee forage, <ref name="Assemu">Assemu, T., Kerealem, E., & Adebabay K. (2013). Assessment of Current Beekeeping Management Practice and Honey Bee Floras of Western Amhara, Ethiopia. Inter J Agri Biosci, 2(5), 196-201.</ref> Serda et al. (2015) conducted a study in the Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia, and found that only 3.1% of participants supplementary fed their colonies during a lack of bee forage. <ref>Serda, B., Zewudu, T., Dereje, M., & Aman, M. (2015). Beekeeping Practices, Production Potential and Challenges of Bee Keeping among Beekeepers in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia. J Veterinar Sci Technol 6(255), 1-5.</ref> To provide '''carbohydrates''', Ethiopian beekeepers feed '''sugar-, or honey solution''', or '''flour of roasted grain''' (barley and maize). Due to various '''[[climate]]''' conditions, there are regional differences on the time of additional feeding. Beekeepers of the Tigray region offer supplementary food mostly in the months '''February to May'''. In the western Amhara region, surveyed beekeepers revealed, that food shortage occurs over the year, while there is a peak in April, March and February, respectively. <ref name="Assemu"/> According to Fichtl and Adi (~~1990~~), there are some regions, where it is common to offer “freshly slaughtered meat scraps” as a supplementary protein source. However, this method seems to be questionable regarding the possible human pathogens that may be enriched in the bee products. <ref name="Fichtl">Fichtl, R., & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> More common pollen substitutes are '''chickpeas''' and '''peas'''. <ref name="Fichtl"/> <ref>Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> In a study by Zaghlou et al. (2017) three different supplementary diets were compared (soy bean, chickpeas and yellow corn) resulting in an increase of honey yield, laid eggs/day and area of brood, while a supplementary diet on chickpeas led to the lowest increase. <ref>Zaghloul, A . O., El-Sayed, N. A., Hassona, N. M., Mourad, A. K., & Abdel-Razek, B. A. (2017). Enhancement of Honey Production of ''Apis mellifera'' L. Colonies in Egypt. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 38(3), 426-432.</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' An assessment on beekeeping practices in the Jigjiga Region (2015) revealed that interviewed beekeepers are aware of the importance of water availability for their honey bees. They '''provide water''' in form of '''waterholes''', '''ponds''', or '''rivers/streams''' near the apiaries. <ref name="Fikru">Fikru, S. (2015). Review of Honey Bee and Honey Production in Ethiopia. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 5(10), 1413-1421.</ref> Not all beekeepers offer supplementary feeding. While Assemu et al. (2013) revealed that over 60% of surveyed beekeepers in the western Amhara region provide supplementary bee forage, <ref name="Assemu">Assemu, T., Kerealem, E., & Adebabay K. (2013). Assessment of Current Beekeeping Management Practice and Honey Bee Floras of Western Amhara, Ethiopia. Inter J Agri Biosci, 2(5), 196-201.</ref> Serda et al. (2015) conducted a study in the Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia, and found that only 3.1% of participants supplementary fed their colonies during a lack of bee forage. <ref>Serda, B., Zewudu, T., Dereje, M., & Aman, M. (2015). Beekeeping Practices, Production Potential and Challenges of Bee Keeping among Beekeepers in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia. J Veterinar Sci Technol 6(255), 1-5.</ref> To provide '''carbohydrates''', Ethiopian beekeepers feed '''sugar-, or honey solution''', or '''flour of roasted grain''' (barley and maize). Due to various '''[[climate]]''' conditions, there are regional differences on the time of additional feeding. Beekeepers of the Tigray region offer supplementary food mostly in the months '''February to May'''. In the western Amhara region, surveyed beekeepers revealed, that food shortage occurs over the year, while there is a peak in April, March and February, respectively. <ref name="Assemu"/> According to Fichtl and Adi (1994), there are some regions, where it is common to offer “freshly slaughtered meat scraps” as a supplementary protein source. However, this method seems to be questionable regarding the possible human pathogens that may be enriched in the bee products. <ref name="Fichtl">Fichtl, R., & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> More common pollen substitutes are '''chickpeas''' and '''peas'''. <ref name="Fichtl"/> <ref>Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> In a study by Zaghlou et al. (2017) three different supplementary diets were compared (soy bean, chickpeas and yellow corn) resulting in an increase of honey yield, laid eggs/day and area of brood, while a supplementary diet on chickpeas led to the lowest increase. <ref>Zaghloul, A . O., El-Sayed, N. A., Hassona, N. M., Mourad, A. K., & Abdel-Razek, B. A. (2017). Enhancement of Honey Production of ''Apis mellifera'' L. Colonies in Egypt. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 38(3), 426-432.</ref>

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 '''Indonesia:''' According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), the beekeepers of disease affected apiaries do not pass on the information to a governmental office, nor to a beekeeping association, but informally exchange their observations with other beekeepers who already gathered experience with the particular honey bee health issue (see: "'''[[Dealing with honey bee health issues]]'''").
 ==References==
 <references/>

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
-'''Ethiopia:''' The beekeeping practice differs between regions. While a survey on beekeeping techniques in the Jijiga Zone revealed, that 13%, 14% and 23% of respondents inspect their hives internally every week, every fifteenth day, or once in a month, respectively. <ref name="Fikru"/> A survey by Gebremedhin (2015) in the Amhara region and Kewet district revealed, that 33.3% of participants internally inspect their hives regularly. <ref>Gebremedhn, B. (2015). Honeybee production systems in Kewet Districtof Amhara, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 27(5), text is available on website. URL (Access date: 15. 11. 2018): http://www.lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd27/5/gebr27095.html).</ref> It has to be mentioned, that the results also depend on the type of beekeeping. Hive inspection in traditional hives in comparison to that of modern hives is unusual or not existing at all in many parts of Ethiopia. <ref>Kebede, T., & Lemma, T. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 19(11), 1-10.</ref> <ref>Kerealem, E., Tilahun, G., & Preston, T. (2009). Constraints and prospects of apiculture research and development in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 21(172), text is available on website. URL (Access date: 15. 11. 2018): http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/10/ejig21172.htm.</ref> Sebsib and Yibrah (2018) reviewed, that it is more common to externally inspect the hives and to clean the apiary to avoid ant attacks. They further found reasons for not internally inspect the bee hives: fear of bee stings, possible colony absconding, lack of time and lack of know how on the benefits of managing hives. <ref name="Sebsib">Sebsib, A., & Yibrah, T. (2018). Beekeeping Practice, Opportunities, Marketing and Challenges in Ethiopia: Review. Dairy and Vet Sci J., 5(3), 1-21: 555662.</ref> There is no further description on the detailed process of "internal" and "external inspection" (manipulating the hive, or just observation of the colonies).
+'''Ethiopia:''' The beekeeping practice differs between regions. While a survey on beekeeping techniques in the Jijiga Zone revealed, that 13%, 14% and 23% of respondents inspect their hives internally every week, every fifteenth day, or once in a month, respectively. <ref name="Fikru"/> A survey by Gebremedhin (2015) in the Amhara region and Kewet district revealed, that 33.3% of participants internally inspect their hives regularly. <ref>Gebremedhn, B. (2015). Honeybee production systems in Kewet Districtof Amhara, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 27(5), text is available on website. URL (access date: 15.11.2018): http://www.lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd27/5/gebr27095.html).</ref> It has to be mentioned, that the results also depend on the type of beekeeping. Hive inspection in traditional in comparison to that of modern '''[[hive types|hives]]''' is unusual or not existing at all in many parts of Ethiopia. <ref>Kebede, T., & Lemma, T. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 19(11), 1-10.</ref> <ref>Kerealem, E., Tilahun, G., & Preston, T. (2009). Constraints and prospects of apiculture research and development in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 21(172), text is available on website. URL (access date: 15.11.2018): http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/10/ejig21172.htm.</ref> Sebsib and Yibrah (2018) reviewed, that it is more common to externally inspect the hives and to clean the apiary to avoid '''[[ants|ant]]''' attacks. They further found reasons for not internally inspect the bee hives: fear of bee stings, possible colony absconding, lack of time and lack of know how on the benefits of managing hives. <ref name="Sebsib">Sebsib, A., & Yibrah, T. (2018). Beekeeping Practice, Opportunities, Marketing and Challenges in Ethiopia: Review. Dairy and Vet Sci J., 5(3), 1-21: 555662.</ref> There is no further description on the detailed process of "internal" and "external inspection" (manipulating the hive, or just observation of the colonies).
-'''Indonesia:'''  There is '''no official information''' available on hive inspection, but a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia) claims, that the number of hive inspections vary between '''once in a week''' and '''once in a month''', depending on the forage availability, the urge of harvest, and on the beekeeping level of the beekeeper (main income, or additional income). Further, beekeepers who start the inspection, clean the area surrounding the hive, followed by opening the hive and assessing the status of the colony ('''[[Honey bee health (Overview)]]''' status, queen presence, ...). If necessary, experienced and high skilled beekeepers even expand their hives.
+'''Indonesia:'''  There is '''no official information''' available on hive inspection, but a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia) claims, that the number of hive inspections vary between '''once in a week''' and '''once in a month''', depending on the forage availability, the urge of harvest, and on the beekeeping level of the beekeeper (main income, or additional income). Further, beekeepers who start the inspection, clean the area surrounding the hive, followed by opening the hive and assessing the status of the colony ('''[[Honey bee health (Overview)|honey bee health]]''' status, queen presence, ...). If necessary, experienced and high skilled beekeepers even expand their hives.
 == Feeding: ==
-Especially, during periods of forage unavailability, supplementary feeding is essential to avoid absconding and to ensure the survival of the colony. The suitable supplement must be chosen depending on the type of food shortage (pollen, nectar or water). <ref name="Crane">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y. : Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref>
+Especially, during periods of forage unavailability, supplementary feeding is essential to avoid absconding and to ensure the survival of the colony. The suitable supplement must be chosen depending on the type of '''[[bee forage|food shortage]]''' (pollen, nectar or water). <ref name="Crane">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y. : Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref>
-'''Ethiopia:''' A study in 2006 revealed, that the best time to offer additional food (''A. mellifera bandasii'') is the occurrence of '''4-5 sealed brood combs''' and '''freshly secreted, white beeswax''' on top of the frames at the base of the hive. <ref>Kibebew, W., & Dereje,  W. (2006). Investigating indicative conditions for supering the honey bee colonies at central highlands of Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of 5th National Annual Conferences of The Ethiopian Beekeepers Association. 52-61.</ref> An assessment on beekeeping practices in the Jigjiga Region (2015) revealed that interviewed beekeepers are aware of the importance of water availability for their honey bees. They '''provide water''' in form of '''waterholes''', '''ponds''', or '''rivers/streams''' near the apiaries. <ref name="Fikru">Fikru, S. (2015). Review of Honey Bee and Honey Production in Ethiopia. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 5(10), 1413-1421.</ref> Not all beekeepers offer supplementary feeding. While Assemu  et al. (2013) revealed that over 60% of surveyed beekeepers in the western Amhara region provide supplementary bee forage, <ref name="Assemu">Assemu, T., Kerealem, E., & Adebabay K. (2013). Assessment of Current Beekeeping Management Practice and Honey Bee Floras of Western Amhara, Ethiopia. Inter J Agri Biosci, 2(5), 196-201.</ref>  Serda et al. (2015) conducted a study in the Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia, and found that only 3.1 percent of participants supplementary fed their colonies during a lack of bee forage. <ref>Serda B., Zewudu T., Dereje M., Aman M. (2015). Beekeeping Practices, Production Potential and Challenges of Bee Keeping among Beekeepers in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia. J Veterinar Sci Technol 6(255), 1-5.</ref> To provide '''carbohydrates''', Ethiopian beekeepers feed '''sugar-, or honey solution''', or '''flour of roasted grain''' (barley and maize).  Due to various '''[[climate]]''' conditions, there are regional differences on the time of additional feeding. Beekeepers of the Tigray region offer supplementary food mostly in the months '''February to May'''. In the western Amhara region, surveyed beekeepers revealed, that food shortage occurs over the year, while there is a peak in April, March and February, respectively. <ref name="Assemu"/> According to Fichtl and Adi (1990), there are some regions, where it is common to offer “freshly slaughtered meat scraps” as a supplementary protein source. However, this method seems to be questionable regarding the possible human pathogens that may be enriched in the bee products. <ref name="Fichtl">Fichtl, R., & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> More common pollen substitutes are '''chickpeas''' and '''peas'''. <ref name="Fichtl"/> <ref>Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> In a study by Zaghlou et al. (2017) three different supplementary diets were compared (soy bean, chickpeas and yellow corn) resulting in an increase of honey yield, laid eggs/day and area of brood, while a supplementary diet on chickpeas led to the lowest increase. <ref>Zaghloul, A . O., El-Sayed, N. A., Hassona, N. M., Mourad, A. K.,  & Abdel-Razek, B. A. (2017). Enhancement of Honey Production of ''Apis mellifera'' L. Colonies in Egypt. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 38(3), 426-432.</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' A study in 2006 revealed, that the best time to offer additional food (''A. mellifera bandasii'') is the occurrence of '''4-5 sealed brood combs''' and '''freshly secreted, white beeswax''' on top of the frames at the base of the hive. <ref>Kibebew, W., & Dereje,  W. (2006). Investigating indicative conditions for supering the honey bee colonies at central highlands of Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of 5th National Annual Conferences of The Ethiopian Beekeepers Association. 52-61.</ref> An assessment on beekeeping practices in the Jigjiga Region (2015) revealed that interviewed beekeepers are aware of the importance of water availability for their honey bees. They '''provide water''' in form of '''waterholes''', '''ponds''', or '''rivers/streams''' near the apiaries. <ref name="Fikru">Fikru, S. (2015). Review of Honey Bee and Honey Production in Ethiopia. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 5(10), 1413-1421.</ref> Not all beekeepers offer supplementary feeding. While Assemu  et al. (2013) revealed that over 60% of surveyed beekeepers in the western Amhara region provide supplementary bee forage, <ref name="Assemu">Assemu, T., Kerealem, E., & Adebabay K. (2013). Assessment of Current Beekeeping Management Practice and Honey Bee Floras of Western Amhara, Ethiopia. Inter J Agri Biosci, 2(5), 196-201.</ref>  Serda et al. (2015) conducted a study in the Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia, and found that only 3.1% of participants supplementary fed their colonies during a lack of bee forage. <ref>Serda, B., Zewudu, T., Dereje, M., & Aman, M. (2015). Beekeeping Practices, Production Potential and Challenges of Bee Keeping among Beekeepers in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia. J Veterinar Sci Technol 6(255), 1-5.</ref> To provide '''carbohydrates''', Ethiopian beekeepers feed '''sugar-, or honey solution''', or '''flour of roasted grain''' (barley and maize).  Due to various '''[[climate]]''' conditions, there are regional differences on the time of additional feeding. Beekeepers of the Tigray region offer supplementary food mostly in the months '''February to May'''. In the western Amhara region, surveyed beekeepers revealed, that food shortage occurs over the year, while there is a peak in April, March and February, respectively. <ref name="Assemu"/> According to Fichtl and Adi (1990), there are some regions, where it is common to offer “freshly slaughtered meat scraps” as a supplementary protein source. However, this method seems to be questionable regarding the possible human pathogens that may be enriched in the bee products. <ref name="Fichtl">Fichtl, R., & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> More common pollen substitutes are '''chickpeas''' and '''peas'''. <ref name="Fichtl"/> <ref>Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> In a study by Zaghlou et al. (2017) three different supplementary diets were compared (soy bean, chickpeas and yellow corn) resulting in an increase of honey yield, laid eggs/day and area of brood, while a supplementary diet on chickpeas led to the lowest increase. <ref>Zaghloul, A . O., El-Sayed, N. A., Hassona, N. M., Mourad, A. K.,  & Abdel-Razek, B. A. (2017). Enhancement of Honey Production of ''Apis mellifera'' L. Colonies in Egypt. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 38(3), 426-432.</ref>
-'''Indonesia:''' Feeding of honey bee colonies is '''not common in every part of the country'''. Flowering occurs throughout the year, and therefore it is often believed, that honey bees have enough forage (plants in flower may produce pollen but not nectar and vice versa). <ref name="Crane"/> There is '''no published data''' available on supplementary feeding in Indonesia, but a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia) claims, that additional nourishment is practised among beekeepers during the dry season. The most common supplementary '''carbohydrate source''' is '''sugar solution''' due to its easy availability and affordability. Beekeepers place the supplement inside the hive (small branch is placed inside the solution to provide protection). Widowati et al. (2013) compared local pollen substitutes with different composition. They found, that a mixture of '''soy flour, skimmed milk, yeast, honey and sugar syrup''' was preferred by ''A. cerana'' colonies and its consumption led to the highest productivity. <ref>Widowati, R., Basukriadi, A., Oetari, A., Anwar, E., & Sjamsuridzal, W. (2013). The Effect of Pollen Substitutes on the Productivity of ''Apis cerana'' in Indonesia, Bee World, 90(3), 72-75.</ref> The study showed, that locally available ingredients can be used to produce a high quality protein source for honey bees.
+'''Indonesia:''' Feeding of honey bee colonies is '''not common in every part of the country'''. Flowering occurs throughout the year, and therefore it is often believed, that honey bees have enough forage (plants in flower may produce pollen but not nectar and vice versa). <ref name="Crane"/> There is '''no published data''' available on supplementary feeding in Indonesia, but a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia) claims, that additional nourishment is practiced among beekeepers during the dry season. The most common supplementary '''carbohydrate source''' is '''sugar solution''' due to its easy availability and affordability. Beekeepers place the supplement inside the hive (small branch is placed inside the solution to provide protection). Widowati et al. (2013) compared local pollen substitutes with different composition. They found, that a mixture of '''soy flour, skimmed milk, yeast, honey and sugar syrup''' was preferred by ''A. cerana'' colonies and its consumption led to the highest productivity. <ref>Widowati, R., Basukriadi, A., Oetari, A., Anwar, E., & Sjamsuridzal, W. (2013). The Effect of Pollen Substitutes on the Productivity of ''Apis cerana'' in Indonesia, Bee World, 90(3), 72-75.</ref> The study showed, that locally available ingredients can be used to produce a high quality protein source for honey bees.
 == Swarm prevention: ==
-Swarming may occur as either '''reproductive swarming''', where the colony divides itself or as '''absconding''', where the honey bee colony leaves its nest site if an environmental stress becomes high.  While reproductive swarming is triggered by the size of the colony, <ref>Crane, E. (1999). The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd, London.</ref> absconding is related to various factors like drought, overgrazing, deforestation, honey bee diseases and pests, shortage of water, poor hive management, a lack of protection against bad weather, or a shortage of melliferous plants (pollen, nectar), etc. <ref>Haftom, G., Zelealem, T., Girmay, M., & Awet, E. (2013). Seasonal honeybee forage availability, swarming, absconding and honey harvesting in Debrekidan and Begasheka Watersheds of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(4). HTML-Version.</ref> <ref>Tesfaye, K.,  & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref>
+Swarming may occur as either '''reproductive swarming''', where the colony divides itself or as '''absconding''', where the honey bee colony leaves its nest site if the environmental stress becomes high.  While reproductive swarming is triggered by the size of the colony, <ref>Crane, E. (1999). The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd, London.</ref> absconding is related to various factors like drought, overgrazing, deforestation, honey bee diseases and pests, shortage of water, poor hive management, a lack of protection against bad weather, or a shortage of melliferous plants (pollen, nectar), etc. <ref>Haftom, G., Zelealem, T., Girmay, M., & Awet, E. (2013). Seasonal honeybee forage availability, swarming, absconding and honey harvesting in Debrekidan and Begasheka Watersheds of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(4). HTML-Version.</ref> <ref>Tesfaye, K.,  & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref>
 '''Ethiopia:''' To prevent reproductive swarming, the beekeepers '''cut parts of the brood combs''', '''remove queen cells''', '''enlargen the volume of the hives''', or provide instantly available new nesting sites in form of '''empty hives'''. <ref name="Fikru"/> <ref>Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Together with the mentioned methods, a study by Tessega (2009) revealed the important role of indigenous knowledge for beekeeping (Burie district and Amhara region). In the study area, 10.3% of respondents prevent swarming by smoking the beehives with bones of horses or mules, 5.1% used mule urine, fumigating with "white etan" (1.7%), or used "ambacho teketila" and "yejart eshoh" (2.6%). <ref>Tessega, B. (2009). Honeybee production and marketing systems, constraints and opportunities in Burie District of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Master thesis (Animal Production), 116p. Retrieved from Bahir Dar (Ethiopia): Bahir Dar University.</ref> Sebsib and Yibrah (2018) reviewed, that the majority of beekeepers do not prevent swarming. One reason may be the wide distribution of traditional hives which are often installed in tall trees. Thus an inspection is very difficult. <ref name="Sebsib"/>
-[[File:Reproductiveswarming_ET.JPG|center|thumb| Figure 1: Distribution of the 5 subspecies of ''A. mellifera'' in Ethiopia and their main reproductive swarming periods. Picture was taken from Amssalu (2016). <ref>Amssalu, B. (2016). Apiculture Research Achievements, Challenges and Future Prospects in Ethiopia. In: Agricultural Research for Ethiopian Renaissance Challenges, Opportunities and Directions. Proceedings of the National Conference on Agricultural Research for Ethiopian Renaissance. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ISBN: 978-99944-66-44-3</ref>]]
+[[File:Reproductiveswarming_ET.JPG|center|thumb| Figure 1: Distribution of the 5 subspecies of ''A. mellifera'' in Ethiopia and their main reproductive swarming periods. Picture was taken from Amssalu (2016). <ref>Amssalu, B. (2016). Apiculture Research Achievements, Challenges and Future Prospects in Ethiopia. In: Agricultural Research for Ethiopian Renaissance Challenges, Opportunities and Directions. Proceedings of the National Conference on Agricultural Research for Ethiopian Renaissance. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref>]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:49, 28 November 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' A study in 2006 revealed, that the best time to offer additional food (''A. mellifera bandasii'') is the occurrence of '''4-5 sealed brood combs''' and '''freshly secreted, white beeswax''' on top of the frames at the base of the hive. <ref>Kibebew, W., & Dereje, W. (2006). Investigating indicative conditions for supering the honey bee colonies at central highlands of Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of 5th National Annual Conferences of The Ethiopian Beekeepers Association. 52-61.</ref> An assessment on beekeeping practices in the Jigjiga Region (2015) revealed that interviewed beekeepers are aware of the importance of water availability for their honey bees. They '''provide water''' in form of '''waterholes''', '''ponds''', or '''rivers/streams''' near the apiaries. <ref name="Fikru">Fikru, S. (2015). Review of Honey Bee and Honey Production in Ethiopia. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 5(10), 1413-1421.</ref> Not all beekeepers offer supplementary feeding. While Assemu et al. (2013) revealed that over 60% of surveyed beekeepers in the western Amhara region provide supplementary bee forage, <ref name="Assemu">Assemu, T., Kerealem, E., & Adebabay K. (2013). Assessment of Current Beekeeping Management Practice and Honey Bee Floras of Western Amhara, Ethiopia. Inter J Agri Biosci, 2(5), 196-201.</ref> Serda et al. (2015) conducted a study in the Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia, and found that only 3.1 percent of participants supplementary fed their colonies during a lack of bee forage. <ref>Serda B., Zewudu T., Dereje M., Aman M. (2015). Beekeeping Practices, Production Potential and Challenges of Bee Keeping among Beekeepers in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia. J Veterinar Sci Technol 6(255), 1-5.</ref> To provide '''carbohydrates''', Ethiopian beekeepers feed '''sugar-, or honey solution''', or '''flour of roasted grain''' (barley and maize). Due to various '''[[climate]]''' conditions, there are regional differences on the time of additional feeding. Beekeepers of the Tigray region offer supplementary food mostly in the months '''February to May'''. In the western Amhara region, surveyed beekeepers revealed, that food shortage occurs over the year, while there is a peak in April, March and February, respectively. <ref name="Assemu"/> According to Fichtl and Adi (1990), there are some regions, where it is common to offer “freshly slaughtered meat scraps” as a supplementary protein source. However, this method seems to be questionable regarding the possible human pathogens that may be enriched in the bee products. <ref name="Fichtl">Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> More common pollen substitutes are '''chickpeas''' and '''peas'''. <ref name="Fichtl"/> <ref>Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> In a study by Zaghlou et al. (2017) three different supplementary diets were compared (soy bean, chickpeas and yellow corn) resulting in an increase of honey yield, laid eggs/day and area of brood, while a supplementary diet on chickpeas led to the lowest increase. <ref>Zaghloul, A . O., El-Sayed, N. A., Hassona, N. M., Mourad, A. K., & Abdel-Razek, B. A. (2017). Enhancement of Honey Production of ''Apis mellifera'' L. Colonies in Egypt. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 38(3), 426-432.</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' A study in 2006 revealed, that the best time to offer additional food (''A. mellifera bandasii'') is the occurrence of '''4-5 sealed brood combs''' and '''freshly secreted, white beeswax''' on top of the frames at the base of the hive. <ref>Kibebew, W., & Dereje, W. (2006). Investigating indicative conditions for supering the honey bee colonies at central highlands of Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of 5th National Annual Conferences of The Ethiopian Beekeepers Association. 52-61.</ref> An assessment on beekeeping practices in the Jigjiga Region (2015) revealed that interviewed beekeepers are aware of the importance of water availability for their honey bees. They '''provide water''' in form of '''waterholes''', '''ponds''', or '''rivers/streams''' near the apiaries. <ref name="Fikru">Fikru, S. (2015). Review of Honey Bee and Honey Production in Ethiopia. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 5(10), 1413-1421.</ref> Not all beekeepers offer supplementary feeding. While Assemu et al. (2013) revealed that over 60% of surveyed beekeepers in the western Amhara region provide supplementary bee forage, <ref name="Assemu">Assemu, T., Kerealem, E., & Adebabay K. (2013). Assessment of Current Beekeeping Management Practice and Honey Bee Floras of Western Amhara, Ethiopia. Inter J Agri Biosci, 2(5), 196-201.</ref> Serda et al. (2015) conducted a study in the Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia, and found that only 3.1 percent of participants supplementary fed their colonies during a lack of bee forage. <ref>Serda B., Zewudu T., Dereje M., Aman M. (2015). Beekeeping Practices, Production Potential and Challenges of Bee Keeping among Beekeepers in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia. J Veterinar Sci Technol 6(255), 1-5.</ref> To provide '''carbohydrates''', Ethiopian beekeepers feed '''sugar-, or honey solution''', or '''flour of roasted grain''' (barley and maize). Due to various '''[[climate]]''' conditions, there are regional differences on the time of additional feeding. Beekeepers of the Tigray region offer supplementary food mostly in the months '''February to May'''. In the western Amhara region, surveyed beekeepers revealed, that food shortage occurs over the year, while there is a peak in April, March and February, respectively. <ref name="Assemu"/> According to Fichtl and Adi (1990), there are some regions, where it is common to offer “freshly slaughtered meat scraps” as a supplementary protein source. However, this method seems to be questionable regarding the possible human pathogens that may be enriched in the bee products. <ref name="Fichtl">Fichtl, R., & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> More common pollen substitutes are '''chickpeas''' and '''peas'''. <ref name="Fichtl"/> <ref>Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> In a study by Zaghlou et al. (2017) three different supplementary diets were compared (soy bean, chickpeas and yellow corn) resulting in an increase of honey yield, laid eggs/day and area of brood, while a supplementary diet on chickpeas led to the lowest increase. <ref>Zaghloul, A . O., El-Sayed, N. A., Hassona, N. M., Mourad, A. K., & Abdel-Razek, B. A. (2017). Enhancement of Honey Production of ''Apis mellifera'' L. Colonies in Egypt. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 38(3), 426-432.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:37, 21 November 2018
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	'''Ethiopia:''' To prevent reproductive swarming, the beekeepers '''cut parts of the brood combs''', '''remove queen cells''', '''enlargen the volume of the hives''', or provide instantly available new nesting sites in form of '''empty hives'''. <ref name="Fikru"/> <ref>Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Together with the mentioned methods, a study by Tessega (2009) revealed the important role of indigenous knowledge for beekeeping (Burie district and Amhara region). In the study area, 10.3% of respondents prevent swarming by smoking the beehives with bones of horses or mules, 5.1% used mule urine, fumigating with "white etan" (1.7%), or used "ambacho teketila" and "yejart eshoh" (2.6%). <ref>Tessega, B. (2009). Honeybee production and marketing systems, constraints and opportunities in Burie District of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Master thesis (Animal Production), 116p. Retrieved from Bahir Dar (Ethiopia): Bahir Dar University.</ref> Sebsib and Yibrah (2018) reviewed, that the majority of beekeepers do not prevent swarming. One reason may be the wide distribution of traditional hives which are often installed in tall trees. Thus an inspection is very difficult. <ref name="Sebsib"/>		'''Ethiopia:''' To prevent reproductive swarming, the beekeepers '''cut parts of the brood combs''', '''remove queen cells''', '''enlargen the volume of the hives''', or provide instantly available new nesting sites in form of '''empty hives'''. <ref name="Fikru"/> <ref>Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Together with the mentioned methods, a study by Tessega (2009) revealed the important role of indigenous knowledge for beekeeping (Burie district and Amhara region). In the study area, 10.3% of respondents prevent swarming by smoking the beehives with bones of horses or mules, 5.1% used mule urine, fumigating with "white etan" (1.7%), or used "ambacho teketila" and "yejart eshoh" (2.6%). <ref>Tessega, B. (2009). Honeybee production and marketing systems, constraints and opportunities in Burie District of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Master thesis (Animal Production), 116p. Retrieved from Bahir Dar (Ethiopia): Bahir Dar University.</ref> Sebsib and Yibrah (2018) reviewed, that the majority of beekeepers do not prevent swarming. One reason may be the wide distribution of traditional hives which are often installed in tall trees. Thus an inspection is very difficult. <ref name="Sebsib"/>
		+
		+	[[File:Reproductiveswarming_ET.JPG\|center\|thumb\| Figure 1: Distribution of the 5 subspecies of ''A. mellifera'' in Ethiopia and their main reproductive swarming periods. Picture was taken from Amssalu (2016). <ref>Amssalu, B. (2016). Apiculture Research Achievements, Challenges and Future Prospects in Ethiopia. In: Agricultural Research for Ethiopian Renaissance Challenges, Opportunities and Directions. Proceedings of the National Conference on Agricultural Research for Ethiopian Renaissance. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ISBN: 978-99944-66-44-3</ref>]]

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
-'''Ethiopia:''' A study in 2006 revealed, that the best time to offer additional food (''A. mellifera bandasii'') is the occurrence of '''4-5 sealed brood combs''' and '''freshly secreted, white beeswax''' on top of the frames at the base of the hive. <ref>Kibebew, W., & Dereje,  W. (2006). Investigating indicative conditions for supering the honey bee colonies at central highlands of Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of 5th National Annual Conferences of The Ethiopian Beekeepers Association. 52-61.</ref> An assessment on beekeeping practices in the Jigjiga Region (2015) revealed that interviewed beekeepers are aware of the importance of water availability for their honey bees. They '''provide water''' in form of '''waterholes''', '''ponds''', or '''rivers/streams''' near the apiaries. <ref name="Fikru">Fikru, S. (2015). Review of Honey Bee and Honey Production in Ethiopia. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 5(10), 1413-1421. https://doi.org/10.5455/jasa.20151019083635</ref> Not all beekeepers offer supplementary feeding. While Assemu  et al. (2013) revealed that over 60% of surveyed beekeepers in the western Amhara region provide supplementary bee forage, <ref name="Assemu">Assemu, T., Kerealem, E., & Adebabay K. (2013). Assessment of Current Beekeeping Management Practice and Honey Bee Floras of Western Amhara, Ethiopia. Inter J Agri Biosci, 2(5), 196-201.</ref>  Serda et al. (2015) conducted a study in the Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia, and found that only 3.1 percent of participants supplementary fed their colonies during a lack of bee forage. <ref>Serda B., Zewudu T., Dereje M., Aman M. (2015). Beekeeping Practices, Production Potential and Challenges of Bee Keeping among Beekeepers in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia. J Veterinar Sci Technol 6(255), 1-5.</ref> To provide '''carbohydrates''', Ethiopian beekeepers feed '''sugar-, or honey solution''', or '''flour of roasted grain''' (barley and maize).  Due to various '''[[climate]]''' conditions, there are regional differences on the time of additional feeding. Beekeepers of the Tigray region offer supplementary food mostly in the months '''February to May'''. In the western Amhara region, surveyed beekeepers revealed, that food shortage occurs over the year, while there is a peak in April, March and February, respectively. <ref name="Assemu"/> According to Fichtl and Adi (1990), there are some regions, where it is common to offer “freshly slaughtered meat scraps” as a supplementary protein source. However, this method seems to be questionable regarding the possible human pathogens that may be enriched in the bee products. <ref name="Fichtl">Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> More common pollen substitutes are '''chickpeas''' and '''peas'''. <ref name="Fichtl"/> <ref>Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> In a study by Zaghlou et al. (2017) three different supplementary diets were compared (soy bean, chickpeas and yellow corn) resulting in an increase of honey yield, laid eggs/day and area of brood, while a supplementary diet on chickpeas led to the lowest increase. <ref>Zaghloul, A . O., El-Sayed, N. A., Hassona, N. M., Mourad, A. K.,  & Abdel-Razek, B. A. (2017). Enhancement of Honey Production of ''Apis mellifera'' L. Colonies in Egypt. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 38(3), 426-432.</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' A study in 2006 revealed, that the best time to offer additional food (''A. mellifera bandasii'') is the occurrence of '''4-5 sealed brood combs''' and '''freshly secreted, white beeswax''' on top of the frames at the base of the hive. <ref>Kibebew, W., & Dereje,  W. (2006). Investigating indicative conditions for supering the honey bee colonies at central highlands of Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of 5th National Annual Conferences of The Ethiopian Beekeepers Association. 52-61.</ref> An assessment on beekeeping practices in the Jigjiga Region (2015) revealed that interviewed beekeepers are aware of the importance of water availability for their honey bees. They '''provide water''' in form of '''waterholes''', '''ponds''', or '''rivers/streams''' near the apiaries. <ref name="Fikru">Fikru, S. (2015). Review of Honey Bee and Honey Production in Ethiopia. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 5(10), 1413-1421.</ref> Not all beekeepers offer supplementary feeding. While Assemu  et al. (2013) revealed that over 60% of surveyed beekeepers in the western Amhara region provide supplementary bee forage, <ref name="Assemu">Assemu, T., Kerealem, E., & Adebabay K. (2013). Assessment of Current Beekeeping Management Practice and Honey Bee Floras of Western Amhara, Ethiopia. Inter J Agri Biosci, 2(5), 196-201.</ref>  Serda et al. (2015) conducted a study in the Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia, and found that only 3.1 percent of participants supplementary fed their colonies during a lack of bee forage. <ref>Serda B., Zewudu T., Dereje M., Aman M. (2015). Beekeeping Practices, Production Potential and Challenges of Bee Keeping among Beekeepers in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia. J Veterinar Sci Technol 6(255), 1-5.</ref> To provide '''carbohydrates''', Ethiopian beekeepers feed '''sugar-, or honey solution''', or '''flour of roasted grain''' (barley and maize).  Due to various '''[[climate]]''' conditions, there are regional differences on the time of additional feeding. Beekeepers of the Tigray region offer supplementary food mostly in the months '''February to May'''. In the western Amhara region, surveyed beekeepers revealed, that food shortage occurs over the year, while there is a peak in April, March and February, respectively. <ref name="Assemu"/> According to Fichtl and Adi (1990), there are some regions, where it is common to offer “freshly slaughtered meat scraps” as a supplementary protein source. However, this method seems to be questionable regarding the possible human pathogens that may be enriched in the bee products. <ref name="Fichtl">Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> More common pollen substitutes are '''chickpeas''' and '''peas'''. <ref name="Fichtl"/> <ref>Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> In a study by Zaghlou et al. (2017) three different supplementary diets were compared (soy bean, chickpeas and yellow corn) resulting in an increase of honey yield, laid eggs/day and area of brood, while a supplementary diet on chickpeas led to the lowest increase. <ref>Zaghloul, A . O., El-Sayed, N. A., Hassona, N. M., Mourad, A. K.,  & Abdel-Razek, B. A. (2017). Enhancement of Honey Production of ''Apis mellifera'' L. Colonies in Egypt. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 38(3), 426-432.</ref>
-'''Indonesia:''' Feeding of honey bee colonies is '''not common in every part of the country'''. Flowering occurs throughout the year, and therefore it is often believed, that honey bees have enough forage (plants in flower may produce pollen but not nectar and vice versa). <ref name="Crane"/> There is '''no published data''' available on supplementary feeding in Indonesia, but a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia) claims, that additional nourishment is practised among beekeepers during the dry season. The most common supplementary '''carbohydrate source''' is '''sugar solution''' due to its easy availability and affordability. Beekeepers place the supplement inside the hive (small branch is placed inside the solution to provide protection). Widowati et al. (2013) compared local pollen substitutes with different composition. They found, that a mixture of '''soy flour, skimmed milk, yeast, honey and sugar syrup''' was preferred by ''A. cerana'' colonies and its consumption led to the highest productivity. <ref>Widowati, R., Basukriadi, A., Oetari, A., Anwar, E., & Sjamsuridzal, W. (2013). The Effect of Pollen Substitutes on the Productivity of ''Apis cerana'' in Indonesia, Bee World, 90(3), 72-75.  https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2013.11417550 </ref> The study showed, that locally available ingredients can be used to produce a high quality protein source for honey bees.
+'''Indonesia:''' Feeding of honey bee colonies is '''not common in every part of the country'''. Flowering occurs throughout the year, and therefore it is often believed, that honey bees have enough forage (plants in flower may produce pollen but not nectar and vice versa). <ref name="Crane"/> There is '''no published data''' available on supplementary feeding in Indonesia, but a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia) claims, that additional nourishment is practised among beekeepers during the dry season. The most common supplementary '''carbohydrate source''' is '''sugar solution''' due to its easy availability and affordability. Beekeepers place the supplement inside the hive (small branch is placed inside the solution to provide protection). Widowati et al. (2013) compared local pollen substitutes with different composition. They found, that a mixture of '''soy flour, skimmed milk, yeast, honey and sugar syrup''' was preferred by ''A. cerana'' colonies and its consumption led to the highest productivity. <ref>Widowati, R., Basukriadi, A., Oetari, A., Anwar, E., & Sjamsuridzal, W. (2013). The Effect of Pollen Substitutes on the Productivity of ''Apis cerana'' in Indonesia, Bee World, 90(3), 72-75.</ref> The study showed, that locally available ingredients can be used to produce a high quality protein source for honey bees.
 == Swarm prevention: ==
-Swarming may occur as either '''reproductive swarming''', where the colony divides itself or as '''absconding''', where the honey bee colony leaves its nest site if an environmental stress becomes high.  While reproductive swarming is triggered by the size of the colony, <ref>Crane, E. (1999). The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203819937</ref> absconding is related to various factors like drought, overgrazing, deforestation, honey bee diseases and pests, shortage of water, poor hive management, a lack of protection against bad weather, or a shortage of melliferous plants (pollen, nectar), etc. <ref>Haftom, G., Zelealem, T., Girmay, M., & Awet, E. (2013). Seasonal honeybee forage availability, swarming, absconding and honey harvesting in Debrekidan and Begasheka Watersheds of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(4). HTML-Version.</ref> <ref>Tesfaye, K.,  & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref>
+Swarming may occur as either '''reproductive swarming''', where the colony divides itself or as '''absconding''', where the honey bee colony leaves its nest site if an environmental stress becomes high.  While reproductive swarming is triggered by the size of the colony, <ref>Crane, E. (1999). The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd, London.</ref> absconding is related to various factors like drought, overgrazing, deforestation, honey bee diseases and pests, shortage of water, poor hive management, a lack of protection against bad weather, or a shortage of melliferous plants (pollen, nectar), etc. <ref>Haftom, G., Zelealem, T., Girmay, M., & Awet, E. (2013). Seasonal honeybee forage availability, swarming, absconding and honey harvesting in Debrekidan and Begasheka Watersheds of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(4). HTML-Version.</ref> <ref>Tesfaye, K.,  & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref>
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
-'''Indonesia:''' There is '''no information''' available on management practices to prevent swarming, but in the regions of Pager Ageung, Tasikmalaya, Bawean Island and Gresik, beekeepers do not avoid swarming, instead, they let their colonies abscond during the '''drought season''' and recapture feral colonies during the '''flowering season'''. <ref name="Kahono">Kahono, S., Chantawannakul, P., & Engel, M. S. (2018). Social Bees and the Current Status of Beekeeping in Indonesia. In book: Asian Beekeeping in the 21st Century. Springer, Singapore. 287-306.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8222-1_13</ref> According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), beekeepers '''eliminate drone and queen cells''', place '''"bee traps"''' nearby their hives, or produce '''offshoot colonies''' to prevent swarming events.
+'''Indonesia:''' There is '''no information''' available on management practices to prevent swarming, but in the regions of Pager Ageung, Tasikmalaya, Bawean Island and Gresik, beekeepers do not avoid swarming, instead, they let their colonies abscond during the '''drought season''' and recapture feral colonies during the '''flowering season'''. <ref name="Kahono">Kahono, S., Chantawannakul, P., & Engel, M. S. (2018). Social Bees and the Current Status of Beekeeping in Indonesia. In book: Asian Beekeeping in the 21st Century. Springer, Singapore. 287-306.</ref> According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), beekeepers '''eliminate drone and queen cells''', place '''"bee traps"''' nearby their hives, or produce '''offshoot colonies''' to prevent swarming events.
 == Bee health management: ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:22, 19 November 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' A study in 2006 revealed, that the best time to offer additional food (''A. mellifera bandasii'') is the occurrence of '''4-5 sealed brood combs''' and '''freshly secreted, white beeswax''' on top of the frames at the base of the hive. <ref>Kibebew, W., & Dereje, W. (2006). Investigating indicative conditions for supering the honey bee colonies at central highlands of Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of 5th National Annual Conferences of The Ethiopian Beekeepers Association. 52-61.</ref> An assessment on beekeeping practices in the Jigjiga Region (2015) revealed that interviewed beekeepers are aware of the importance of water availability for their honey bees. They '''provide water''' in form of '''waterholes''', '''ponds''', or '''rivers/streams''' near the apiaries. <ref name="Fikru">Fikru, S. (2015). Review of Honey Bee and Honey Production in Ethiopia. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 5(10), 1413-1421. https://doi.org/10.5455/jasa.20151019083635</ref> Not all beekeepers offer supplementary feeding. Serda et al. (2015) conducted a study ~~based on interviews of beekeepers~~ in the Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia, and found that only 3.1 percent pf participants supplementary fed their colonies during a lack of bee forage. <ref>Serda B., Zewudu T., Dereje M., Aman M. (2015). Beekeeping Practices, Production Potential and Challenges of Bee Keeping among Beekeepers in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia. J Veterinar Sci Technol 6(255), 1-5.</ref> To provide '''carbohydrates''', Ethiopian beekeepers feed '''sugar-, or honey solution''', or '''flour of roasted grain''' (barley and maize). Due to various [[climate]] conditions, there are regional differences on the time of additional feeding. Beekeepers of the Tigray region offer supplementary food mostly in the months '''February to May'''. According to Fichtl and Adi (1990), there are some regions, where it is common to offer “freshly slaughtered meat scraps” as a supplementary protein source. However, this method seems to be questionable regarding the possible human pathogens that may be enriched in the bee products. <ref name="Fichtl">Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> More common pollen substitutes are '''chickpeas''' and '''peas'''. <ref name="Fichtl"/> <ref>Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> In a study by Zaghlou et al. (2017) three different supplementary diets were compared (soy bean, chickpeas and yellow corn) resulting in an increase of honey yield, laid eggs/day and area of brood, while a supplementary diet on chickpeas led to the lowest increase. <ref>Zaghloul, A . O., El-Sayed, N. A., Hassona, N. M., Mourad, A. K., & Abdel-Razek, B. A. (2017). Enhancement of Honey Production of ''Apis mellifera'' L. Colonies in Egypt. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 38(3), 426-432.</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' A study in 2006 revealed, that the best time to offer additional food (''A. mellifera bandasii'') is the occurrence of '''4-5 sealed brood combs''' and '''freshly secreted, white beeswax''' on top of the frames at the base of the hive. <ref>Kibebew, W., & Dereje, W. (2006). Investigating indicative conditions for supering the honey bee colonies at central highlands of Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of 5th National Annual Conferences of The Ethiopian Beekeepers Association. 52-61.</ref> An assessment on beekeeping practices in the Jigjiga Region (2015) revealed that interviewed beekeepers are aware of the importance of water availability for their honey bees. They '''provide water''' in form of '''waterholes''', '''ponds''', or '''rivers/streams''' near the apiaries. <ref name="Fikru">Fikru, S. (2015). Review of Honey Bee and Honey Production in Ethiopia. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 5(10), 1413-1421. https://doi.org/10.5455/jasa.20151019083635</ref> Not all beekeepers offer supplementary feeding. While Assemu et al. (2013) revealed that over 60% of surveyed beekeepers in the western Amhara region provide supplementary bee forage, <ref name="Assemu">Assemu, T., Kerealem, E., & Adebabay K. (2013). Assessment of Current Beekeeping Management Practice and Honey Bee Floras of Western Amhara, Ethiopia. Inter J Agri Biosci, 2(5), 196-201.</ref> Serda et al. (2015) conducted a study in the Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia, and found that only 3.1 percent of participants supplementary fed their colonies during a lack of bee forage. <ref>Serda B., Zewudu T., Dereje M., Aman M. (2015). Beekeeping Practices, Production Potential and Challenges of Bee Keeping among Beekeepers in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia. J Veterinar Sci Technol 6(255), 1-5.</ref> To provide '''carbohydrates''', Ethiopian beekeepers feed '''sugar-, or honey solution''', or '''flour of roasted grain''' (barley and maize). Due to various '''[[climate]]''' conditions, there are regional differences on the time of additional feeding. Beekeepers of the Tigray region offer supplementary food mostly in the months '''February to May'''. In the western Amhara region, surveyed beekeepers revealed, that food shortage occurs over the year, while there is a peak in April, March and February, respectively. <ref name="Assemu"/> According to Fichtl and Adi (1990), there are some regions, where it is common to offer “freshly slaughtered meat scraps” as a supplementary protein source. However, this method seems to be questionable regarding the possible human pathogens that may be enriched in the bee products. <ref name="Fichtl">Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> More common pollen substitutes are '''chickpeas''' and '''peas'''. <ref name="Fichtl"/> <ref>Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> In a study by Zaghlou et al. (2017) three different supplementary diets were compared (soy bean, chickpeas and yellow corn) resulting in an increase of honey yield, laid eggs/day and area of brood, while a supplementary diet on chickpeas led to the lowest increase. <ref>Zaghloul, A . O., El-Sayed, N. A., Hassona, N. M., Mourad, A. K., & Abdel-Razek, B. A. (2017). Enhancement of Honey Production of ''Apis mellifera'' L. Colonies in Egypt. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 38(3), 426-432.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:24, 19 November 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' The beekeeping practice differs between regions. While a survey on beekeeping techniques in the Jijiga Zone revealed, that 13%, 14% and 23% of respondents inspect their hives internally every week, every fifteenth day, or once in a month, respectively. <ref name="Fikru"/> A survey by Gebremedhin (2015) in the Amhara region and Kewet district revealed, that 33.3% of participants internally inspect their hives regularly. <ref>Gebremedhn, B. (2015). Honeybee production systems in Kewet Districtof Amhara, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 27(5), text is available on website. URL (Access date: 15. 11. 2018): http://www.lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd27/5/gebr27095.html).</ref> It has to be mentioned, that the results also depend on the type of beekeeping. Hive inspection in traditional hives in comparison to that of modern hives is unusual or not existing at all in many parts of Ethiopia. <ref>Kebede, T., & Lemma, T. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 19(11), 1-10.</ref> <ref>Kerealem, E., Tilahun, G., & Preston, T. (2009). Constraints and prospects of apiculture research and development in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 21(172), text is available on website. URL (Access date: 15. 11. 2018): http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/10/ejig21172.htm.</ref> Sebsib and Yibrah (2018) reviewed, that it is more common to externally inspect the hives and to clean the apiary to avoid ant attacks. They further found reasons for not internally inspect the bee hives: fear of bee stings, possible colony absconding, lack of time and lack of know how on the benefits of managing hives. <ref>Sebsib, A., & Yibrah, T. (2018). Beekeeping Practice, Opportunities, Marketing and Challenges in Ethiopia: Review. Dairy and Vet Sci J., 5(3), 1-21: 555662.</ref> There is no further description on the detailed process of "internal" and "external inspection" (manipulating the hive, or just observation of the colonies).	+	'''Ethiopia:''' The beekeeping practice differs between regions. While a survey on beekeeping techniques in the Jijiga Zone revealed, that 13%, 14% and 23% of respondents inspect their hives internally every week, every fifteenth day, or once in a month, respectively. <ref name="Fikru"/> A survey by Gebremedhin (2015) in the Amhara region and Kewet district revealed, that 33.3% of participants internally inspect their hives regularly. <ref>Gebremedhn, B. (2015). Honeybee production systems in Kewet Districtof Amhara, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 27(5), text is available on website. URL (Access date: 15. 11. 2018): http://www.lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd27/5/gebr27095.html).</ref> It has to be mentioned, that the results also depend on the type of beekeeping. Hive inspection in traditional hives in comparison to that of modern hives is unusual or not existing at all in many parts of Ethiopia. <ref>Kebede, T., & Lemma, T. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 19(11), 1-10.</ref> <ref>Kerealem, E., Tilahun, G., & Preston, T. (2009). Constraints and prospects of apiculture research and development in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 21(172), text is available on website. URL (Access date: 15. 11. 2018): http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/10/ejig21172.htm.</ref> Sebsib and Yibrah (2018) reviewed, that it is more common to externally inspect the hives and to clean the apiary to avoid ant attacks. They further found reasons for not internally inspect the bee hives: fear of bee stings, possible colony absconding, lack of time and lack of know how on the benefits of managing hives. <ref name="Sebsib">Sebsib, A., & Yibrah, T. (2018). Beekeeping Practice, Opportunities, Marketing and Challenges in Ethiopia: Review. Dairy and Vet Sci J., 5(3), 1-21: 555662.</ref> There is no further description on the detailed process of "internal" and "external inspection" (manipulating the hive, or just observation of the colonies).


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−	'''Ethiopia:''' To prevent reproductive swarming, the beekeepers '''cut parts of the brood combs''', '''remove queen cells''', '''enlargen the volume of the hives''', or provide instantly available new nesting sites in form of '''empty hives'''. <ref name="Fikru"/> <ref>Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Together with the mentioned methods, a study by Tessega (2009) revealed the important role of indigenous knowledge for beekeeping (Burie district and Amhara region). In the study area, 10.3% of respondents prevent swarming by smoking the beehives with bones of horses or mules, 5.1% used mule urine, fumigating with "white etan" (1.7%), or ~~using~~ "ambacho teketila" and "yejart eshoh" (2.6%). <ref>Tessega, B. (2009). Honeybee production and marketing systems, constraints and opportunities in Burie District of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Master thesis (Animal Production), 116p. Retrieved from Bahir Dar (Ethiopia): Bahir Dar University.</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' To prevent reproductive swarming, the beekeepers '''cut parts of the brood combs''', '''remove queen cells''', '''enlargen the volume of the hives''', or provide instantly available new nesting sites in form of '''empty hives'''. <ref name="Fikru"/> <ref>Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Together with the mentioned methods, a study by Tessega (2009) revealed the important role of indigenous knowledge for beekeeping (Burie district and Amhara region). In the study area, 10.3% of respondents prevent swarming by smoking the beehives with bones of horses or mules, 5.1% used mule urine, fumigating with "white etan" (1.7%), or used "ambacho teketila" and "yejart eshoh" (2.6%). <ref>Tessega, B. (2009). Honeybee production and marketing systems, constraints and opportunities in Burie District of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Master thesis (Animal Production), 116p. Retrieved from Bahir Dar (Ethiopia): Bahir Dar University.</ref> Sebsib and Yibrah (2018) reviewed, that the majority of beekeepers do not prevent swarming. One reason may be the wide distribution of traditional hives which are often installed in tall trees. Thus an inspection is very difficult. <ref name="Sebsib"/>