Honey - Revision history

KristinaG at 09:42, 3 December 2019

2019-12-03T09:42:16Z

KristinaG at 13:36, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T13:36:10Z

KristinaG at 09:26, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T09:26:27Z

KristinaG at 09:26, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T09:26:03Z

KristinaG at 09:06, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T09:06:16Z

KristinaG at 08:49, 28 November 2018

2018-11-28T08:49:20Z

KristinaG at 08:42, 28 November 2018

2018-11-28T08:42:17Z

KristinaG at 08:30, 28 November 2018

2018-11-28T08:30:32Z

KristinaG at 13:38, 27 November 2018

2018-11-27T13:38:21Z

KristinaG at 08:20, 21 November 2018

2018-11-21T08:20:49Z

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 [[File:Honeyperhive_ET.PNG|thumb|center|Honey yield per hive in Ethiopia (1993-2016); *Data is based on estimations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); **Data is not available.]]
 ----
-'''Indonesia:''' Unfortunately, neither FAO, nor another statistical provider gives any data on the honey production of Indonesia. However, it is estimated, that Indonesia needs '''3,750 t''' of honey per year, while there is a supply of only '''500-2,000 t''' per year. <ref name="Widiatmaka">Widiatmaka, W., Wiwin, A., Chandrasa, E. S., & Lailan, S. (2006). Geographic Information System and Analytical Hierarchy Process For Land Use Planning of Beekeeping in Forest Margin of Bogor Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 7(3), 50-57.</ref> <ref>Roman, A. (2006). Effect of Pollen Load Size on the Weight of Pollen Harvested from Honeybee Colonies (''Apis mellifera'' L.). Journal of Apicultural Science, 50(2), 47-57.</ref> De Jong (2000) estimated the honey production in the region of Kalimantan (based on beekeeping with '''[[hive types|“honey boards”]]''') between '''53 kg''' and '''267 kg''' per beekeeping operation (family) per year. <ref>De Jong, W. (2000). Micro-differences in Local Resource Management: The Case of Honey in West Kalimantan, Indonesia -a Brief Comment. Human Ecology, 28(4), 631-639.</ref> Shouten et al. (in press) assessed the beekeeping situation on 4 islands of Indonesia and found, that the mean annual honey yield from ''A. cerana'' beehives ranges from 0.5 kg to 5 kg per hive and strongly depends on the '''[[Major honey flows (plants, seasons)|season]]'''. One surveyed beekeeper mentioned a three times higher honey yield when harvesting in the wet season compared to a dry season's yield. The authors claim, that those results should be interpreted with caution, because questioned beekeepers rarely kept records. <ref name="Shouten">Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd, H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia. (status: 10.11.2018)</ref> It has to be mentioned, that beekeeping in Indonesia is still considered to be a '''“part time farming activity”''' and therefore the beekeeping sector is still small. There are various forms of gaining honey, for example working with small colonies of stingless bees, or the practice of '''[[Other types of gaining bee products, including honey hunting and meliponiculture|honey hunting]]''' of ''A. dorsata'', where the forest honey is often consumed locally and therefore the data on the amount of harvested honey is not passed on for statistical assessments. <ref>De Jong, W. (2002). Forest products and local forest management in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for conservation and development. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.</ref> Further, the honey consumption per person per year is with '''15 g''' very low. <ref name="Widiatmaka"/> There is less current information on the quality of Indonesian honey, but a study in 1988 revealed '''high moisture''' content between '''20.7''' and '''36.3%''' (22 samples from Sumatran village markets) and '''adulteration''' with sucrose (cane sugar, or sugar syrup) in most of the samplings ('''[[biggest problems in beekeeping]]'''). In addition, some of the investigated honey samples were boiled to evaporate  the water for a higher viscosity of the product, which led to a '''high hydroxymethylfurfural''' (HMF) content. <ref>White, J. W., Platt, Jr. J. L., Allen-Wardell, G., & Allen-Wardell, C. (1988). Quality Control for Honey Enterprises in Less-Developed Areas: An Indonesian Example, Bee World, 69(2), 49-62.</ref> In consistence is a not yet published study bei Shouten et al. (in press) who described a mean moisture content of 24%. <ref name="Shouten"/> According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), Indonesian beekeepers sell their honey in two different forms, '''table honey''' (common honey packed in a glass jar) and '''nest honey''', called “madu sarang” (honey sold including the whole comb). Selling nest honey is gaining more attractiveness, due to the widespread problem of honey adulteration.
+'''Indonesia:''' Unfortunately, neither FAO, nor another statistical provider gives any data on the honey production of Indonesia. However, it is estimated, that Indonesia needs '''3,750 t''' of honey per year, while there is a supply of only '''500-2,000 t''' per year. <ref name="Widiatmaka">Widiatmaka, W., Wiwin, A., Chandrasa, E. S., & Lailan, S. (2006). Geographic Information System and Analytical Hierarchy Process For Land Use Planning of Beekeeping in Forest Margin of Bogor Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 7(3), 50-57.</ref> <ref>Roman, A. (2006). Effect of Pollen Load Size on the Weight of Pollen Harvested from Honeybee Colonies (''Apis mellifera'' L.). Journal of Apicultural Science, 50(2), 47-57.</ref> De Jong (2000) estimated the honey production in the region of Kalimantan (based on beekeeping with '''[[hive types|“honey boards”]]''') between '''53 kg''' and '''267 kg''' per beekeeping operation (family) per year. <ref>De Jong, W. (2000). Micro-differences in Local Resource Management: The Case of Honey in West Kalimantan, Indonesia -a Brief Comment. Human Ecology, 28(4), 631-639.</ref> Shouten et al. (2019) assessed the beekeeping situation on 4 islands of Indonesia and found, that the mean annual honey yield from ''A. cerana'' beehives ranges from 0.5 kg to 5 kg per hive and strongly depends on the '''[[Major honey flows (plants, seasons)|season]]'''. One surveyed beekeeper mentioned a three times higher honey yield when harvesting in the wet season compared to a dry season's yield. The authors claim, that those results should be interpreted with caution, because questioned beekeepers rarely kept records. <ref name="Shouten">Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd, H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia. (status: 10.11.2018)</ref> It has to be mentioned, that beekeeping in Indonesia is still considered to be a '''“part time farming activity”''' and therefore the beekeeping sector is still small. There are various forms of gaining honey, for example working with small colonies of stingless bees, or the practice of '''[[Other types of gaining bee products, including honey hunting and meliponiculture|honey hunting]]''' of ''A. dorsata'', where the forest honey is often consumed locally and therefore the data on the amount of harvested honey is not passed on for statistical assessments. <ref>De Jong, W. (2002). Forest products and local forest management in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for conservation and development. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.</ref> Further, the honey consumption per person per year is with '''15 g''' very low. <ref name="Widiatmaka"/> There is less current information on the quality of Indonesian honey, but a study in 1988 revealed '''high moisture''' content between '''20.7''' and '''36.3%''' (22 samples from Sumatran village markets) and '''adulteration''' with sucrose (cane sugar, or sugar syrup) in most of the samplings ('''[[biggest problems in beekeeping]]'''). In addition, some of the investigated honey samples were boiled to evaporate  the water for a higher viscosity of the product, which led to a '''high hydroxymethylfurfural''' (HMF) content. <ref>White, J. W., Platt, Jr. J. L., Allen-Wardell, G., & Allen-Wardell, C. (1988). Quality Control for Honey Enterprises in Less-Developed Areas: An Indonesian Example, Bee World, 69(2), 49-62.</ref> In consistence is a not yet published study bei Shouten et al. (in press) who described a mean moisture content of 24%. <ref name="Shouten"/> According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), Indonesian beekeepers sell their honey in two different forms, '''table honey''' (common honey packed in a glass jar) and '''nest honey''', called “madu sarang” (honey sold including the whole comb). Selling nest honey is gaining more attractiveness, due to the widespread problem of honey adulteration.
 For further information on the honey's import and export quotes see: '''[[Import/Export of honey bee products]]'''.

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 [[File:Honeyperhive_ET.PNG|thumb|center|Honey yield per hive in Ethiopia (1993-2016); *Data is based on estimations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); **Data is not available.]]
 ----
-'''Indonesia:''' Unfortunately, neither FAO, nor another statistical provider gives any data on the honey production of Indonesia. However, it is estimated, that Indonesia needs '''3,750 t''' of honey per year, while there is a supply of only '''500-2,000 t''' per year. <ref name="Widiatmaka">Widiatmaka, W., Wiwin, A., Chandrasa, E. S., & Lailan, S. (2006). Geographic Information System and Analytical Hierarchy Process For Land Use Planning of Beekeeping in Forest Margin of Bogor Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 7(3), 50-57.</ref> <ref>Roman, A. (2006). Effect of Pollen Load Size on the Weight of Pollen Harvested from Honeybee Colonies (''Apis mellifera'' L.). Journal of Apicultural Science, 50(2), 47-57.</ref> De Jong (2000) estimated the honey production in the region of Kalimantan (based on beekeeping with '''[[hive types|“honey boards”]]''') between '''53 kg''' and '''267 kg''' per beekeeping operation (family) per year. <ref>De Jong, W. (2000). Micro-differences in Local Resource Management: The Case of Honey in West Kalimantan, Indonesia -a Brief Comment. Human Ecology, 28(4), 631-639.</ref> Shouten et al. (in press) assessed the beekeeping situation on 4 islands of Indonesia and found, that the mean annual honey yield from ''A. cerana'' beehives ranges from 0.5 kg to 5 kg per hive and strongly depends on the '''[[Major honey flows (plants, seasons)|season]]'''. One surveyed beekeeper mentioned a three times higher honey yield when harvesting in the wet season compared to a dry season's yield. The authors claim, that those results should be interpreted with caution, because questioned beekeepers rarely kept records. <ref name="Shouten">Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd, H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that beekeeping in Indonesia is still considered to be a '''“part time farming activity”''' and therefore the beekeeping sector is still small. There are various forms of gaining honey, for example working with small colonies of stingless bees, or the practice of '''[[Other types of gaining bee products, including honey hunting and meliponiculture|honey hunting]]''' of ''A. dorsata'', where the forest honey is often consumed locally and therefore the data on the amount of harvested honey is not passed on for statistical assessments. <ref>De Jong, W. (2002). Forest products and local forest management in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for conservation and development. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.</ref> Further, the honey consumption per person per year is with '''15 g''' very low. <ref name="Widiatmaka"/> There is less current information on the quality of Indonesian honey, but a study in 1988 revealed '''high moisture''' content between '''20.7''' and '''36.3%''' (22 samples from Sumatran village markets) and '''adulteration''' with sucrose (cane sugar, or sugar syrup) in most of the samplings ('''[[biggest problems in beekeeping]]'''). In addition, some of the investigated honey samples were boiled to evaporate  the water for a higher viscosity of the product, which led to a '''high hydroxymethylfurfural''' (HMF) content. <ref>White, J. W., Platt, Jr. J. L., Allen-Wardell, G., & Allen-Wardell, C. (1988). Quality Control for Honey Enterprises in Less-Developed Areas: An Indonesian Example, Bee World, 69(2), 49-62.</ref> In consistence is a not yet published study bei Shouten et al. (in press) who described a mean moisture content of 24%. <ref name="Shouten"/> According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), Indonesian beekeepers sell their honey in two different forms, '''table honey''' (common honey packed in a glass jar) and '''nest honey''', called “madu sarang” (honey sold including the whole comb). Selling nest honey is gaining more attractiveness, due to the widespread problem of honey adulteration.
+'''Indonesia:''' Unfortunately, neither FAO, nor another statistical provider gives any data on the honey production of Indonesia. However, it is estimated, that Indonesia needs '''3,750 t''' of honey per year, while there is a supply of only '''500-2,000 t''' per year. <ref name="Widiatmaka">Widiatmaka, W., Wiwin, A., Chandrasa, E. S., & Lailan, S. (2006). Geographic Information System and Analytical Hierarchy Process For Land Use Planning of Beekeeping in Forest Margin of Bogor Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 7(3), 50-57.</ref> <ref>Roman, A. (2006). Effect of Pollen Load Size on the Weight of Pollen Harvested from Honeybee Colonies (''Apis mellifera'' L.). Journal of Apicultural Science, 50(2), 47-57.</ref> De Jong (2000) estimated the honey production in the region of Kalimantan (based on beekeeping with '''[[hive types|“honey boards”]]''') between '''53 kg''' and '''267 kg''' per beekeeping operation (family) per year. <ref>De Jong, W. (2000). Micro-differences in Local Resource Management: The Case of Honey in West Kalimantan, Indonesia -a Brief Comment. Human Ecology, 28(4), 631-639.</ref> Shouten et al. (in press) assessed the beekeeping situation on 4 islands of Indonesia and found, that the mean annual honey yield from ''A. cerana'' beehives ranges from 0.5 kg to 5 kg per hive and strongly depends on the '''[[Major honey flows (plants, seasons)|season]]'''. One surveyed beekeeper mentioned a three times higher honey yield when harvesting in the wet season compared to a dry season's yield. The authors claim, that those results should be interpreted with caution, because questioned beekeepers rarely kept records. <ref name="Shouten">Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd, H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia. (status: 10.11.2018)</ref> It has to be mentioned, that beekeeping in Indonesia is still considered to be a '''“part time farming activity”''' and therefore the beekeeping sector is still small. There are various forms of gaining honey, for example working with small colonies of stingless bees, or the practice of '''[[Other types of gaining bee products, including honey hunting and meliponiculture|honey hunting]]''' of ''A. dorsata'', where the forest honey is often consumed locally and therefore the data on the amount of harvested honey is not passed on for statistical assessments. <ref>De Jong, W. (2002). Forest products and local forest management in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for conservation and development. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.</ref> Further, the honey consumption per person per year is with '''15 g''' very low. <ref name="Widiatmaka"/> There is less current information on the quality of Indonesian honey, but a study in 1988 revealed '''high moisture''' content between '''20.7''' and '''36.3%''' (22 samples from Sumatran village markets) and '''adulteration''' with sucrose (cane sugar, or sugar syrup) in most of the samplings ('''[[biggest problems in beekeeping]]'''). In addition, some of the investigated honey samples were boiled to evaporate  the water for a higher viscosity of the product, which led to a '''high hydroxymethylfurfural''' (HMF) content. <ref>White, J. W., Platt, Jr. J. L., Allen-Wardell, G., & Allen-Wardell, C. (1988). Quality Control for Honey Enterprises in Less-Developed Areas: An Indonesian Example, Bee World, 69(2), 49-62.</ref> In consistence is a not yet published study bei Shouten et al. (in press) who described a mean moisture content of 24%. <ref name="Shouten"/> According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), Indonesian beekeepers sell their honey in two different forms, '''table honey''' (common honey packed in a glass jar) and '''nest honey''', called “madu sarang” (honey sold including the whole comb). Selling nest honey is gaining more attractiveness, due to the widespread problem of honey adulteration.
 For further information on the honey's import and export quotes see: '''[[Import/Export of honey bee products]]'''.

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 '''Indonesia:''' Unfortunately, neither FAO, nor another statistical provider gives any data on the honey production of Indonesia. However, it is estimated, that Indonesia needs '''3,750 t''' of honey per year, while there is a supply of only '''500-2,000 t''' per year. <ref name="Widiatmaka">Widiatmaka, W., Wiwin, A., Chandrasa, E. S., & Lailan, S. (2006). Geographic Information System and Analytical Hierarchy Process For Land Use Planning of Beekeeping in Forest Margin of Bogor Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 7(3), 50-57.</ref> <ref>Roman, A. (2006). Effect of Pollen Load Size on the Weight of Pollen Harvested from Honeybee Colonies (''Apis mellifera'' L.). Journal of Apicultural Science, 50(2), 47-57.</ref> De Jong (2000) estimated the honey production in the region of Kalimantan (based on beekeeping with '''[[hive types|“honey boards”]]''') between '''53 kg''' and '''267 kg''' per beekeeping operation (family) per year. <ref>De Jong, W. (2000). Micro-differences in Local Resource Management: The Case of Honey in West Kalimantan, Indonesia -a Brief Comment. Human Ecology, 28(4), 631-639.</ref> Shouten et al. (in press) assessed the beekeeping situation on 4 islands of Indonesia and found, that the mean annual honey yield from ''A. cerana'' beehives ranges from 0.5 kg to 5 kg per hive and strongly depends on the '''[[Major honey flows (plants, seasons)|season]]'''. One surveyed beekeeper mentioned a three times higher honey yield when harvesting in the wet season compared to a dry season's yield. The authors claim, that those results should be interpreted with caution, because questioned beekeepers rarely kept records. <ref name="Shouten">Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd, H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that beekeeping in Indonesia is still considered to be a '''“part time farming activity”''' and therefore the beekeeping sector is still small. There are various forms of gaining honey, for example working with small colonies of stingless bees, or the practice of '''[[Other types of gaining bee products, including honey hunting and meliponiculture|honey hunting]]''' of ''A. dorsata'', where the forest honey is often consumed locally and therefore the data on the amount of harvested honey is not passed on for statistical assessments. <ref>De Jong, W. (2002). Forest products and local forest management in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for conservation and development. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.</ref> Further, the honey consumption per person per year is with '''15 g''' very low. <ref name="Widiatmaka"/> There is less current information on the quality of Indonesian honey, but a study in 1988 revealed '''high moisture''' content between '''20.7''' and '''36.3%''' (22 samples from Sumatran village markets) and '''adulteration''' with sucrose (cane sugar, or sugar syrup) in most of the samplings ('''[[biggest problems in beekeeping]]'''). In addition, some of the investigated honey samples were boiled to evaporate  the water for a higher viscosity of the product, which led to a '''high hydroxymethylfurfural''' (HMF) content. <ref>White, J. W., Platt, Jr. J. L., Allen-Wardell, G., & Allen-Wardell, C. (1988). Quality Control for Honey Enterprises in Less-Developed Areas: An Indonesian Example, Bee World, 69(2), 49-62.</ref> In consistence is a not yet published study bei Shouten et al. (in press) who described a mean moisture content of 24%. <ref name="Shouten"/> According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), Indonesian beekeepers sell their honey in two different forms, '''table honey''' (common honey packed in a glass jar) and '''nest honey''', called “madu sarang” (honey sold including the whole comb). Selling nest honey is gaining more attractiveness, due to the widespread problem of honey adulteration.
-For further information on the honey's import and export quotes see: "Import/Export of honey bee products".
+For further information on the honey's import and export quotes see: '''[[Import/Export of honey bee products]]'''.
 ==References==
 <references/>

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ----
 '''Indonesia:''' Unfortunately, neither FAO, nor another statistical provider gives any data on the honey production of Indonesia. However, it is estimated, that Indonesia needs '''3,750 t''' of honey per year, while there is a supply of only '''500-2,000 t''' per year. <ref name="Widiatmaka">Widiatmaka, W., Wiwin, A., Chandrasa, E. S., & Lailan, S. (2006). Geographic Information System and Analytical Hierarchy Process For Land Use Planning of Beekeeping in Forest Margin of Bogor Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 7(3), 50-57.</ref> <ref>Roman, A. (2006). Effect of Pollen Load Size on the Weight of Pollen Harvested from Honeybee Colonies (''Apis mellifera'' L.). Journal of Apicultural Science, 50(2), 47-57.</ref> De Jong (2000) estimated the honey production in the region of Kalimantan (based on beekeeping with '''[[hive types|“honey boards”]]''') between '''53 kg''' and '''267 kg''' per beekeeping operation (family) per year. <ref>De Jong, W. (2000). Micro-differences in Local Resource Management: The Case of Honey in West Kalimantan, Indonesia -a Brief Comment. Human Ecology, 28(4), 631-639.</ref> Shouten et al. (in press) assessed the beekeeping situation on 4 islands of Indonesia and found, that the mean annual honey yield from ''A. cerana'' beehives ranges from 0.5 kg to 5 kg per hive and strongly depends on the '''[[Major honey flows (plants, seasons)|season]]'''. One surveyed beekeeper mentioned a three times higher honey yield when harvesting in the wet season compared to a dry season's yield. The authors claim, that those results should be interpreted with caution, because questioned beekeepers rarely kept records. <ref name="Shouten">Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd, H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that beekeeping in Indonesia is still considered to be a '''“part time farming activity”''' and therefore the beekeeping sector is still small. There are various forms of gaining honey, for example working with small colonies of stingless bees, or the practice of '''[[Other types of gaining bee products, including honey hunting and meliponiculture|honey hunting]]''' of ''A. dorsata'', where the forest honey is often consumed locally and therefore the data on the amount of harvested honey is not passed on for statistical assessments. <ref>De Jong, W. (2002). Forest products and local forest management in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for conservation and development. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.</ref> Further, the honey consumption per person per year is with '''15 g''' very low. <ref name="Widiatmaka"/> There is less current information on the quality of Indonesian honey, but a study in 1988 revealed '''high moisture''' content between '''20.7''' and '''36.3%''' (22 samples from Sumatran village markets) and '''adulteration''' with sucrose (cane sugar, or sugar syrup) in most of the samplings ('''[[biggest problems in beekeeping]]'''). In addition, some of the investigated honey samples were boiled to evaporate  the water for a higher viscosity of the product, which led to a '''high hydroxymethylfurfural''' (HMF) content. <ref>White, J. W., Platt, Jr. J. L., Allen-Wardell, G., & Allen-Wardell, C. (1988). Quality Control for Honey Enterprises in Less-Developed Areas: An Indonesian Example, Bee World, 69(2), 49-62.</ref> In consistence is a not yet published study bei Shouten et al. (in press) who described a mean moisture content of 24%. <ref name="Shouten"/> According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), Indonesian beekeepers sell their honey in two different forms, '''table honey''' (common honey packed in a glass jar) and '''nest honey''', called “madu sarang” (honey sold including the whole comb). Selling nest honey is gaining more attractiveness, due to the widespread problem of honey adulteration.
 ==References==
 <references/>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 == Honey ==
-'''Ethiopia:''' The country belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide ('''[[Import/Export of honey bee products]]''') and due to bimodal rains, honey can be harvested at least twice a year. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> <ref name="MOA">MoA & ILRI (2013). Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute.</ref> The annual honey production was estimated to '''43,000 t/year''' with a potential honey production of about '''550,000 t/year'''. <ref name="MoARD 2007">MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report - Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N - Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref> <ref name="Negash 2017">Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2), 107-116.</ref> <ref name= "Taye 2016">Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The potential annual honey production was estimated based on a nationwide modernization of the beesector (modern hive, increased number of hives/beekeeper, ...) Approximately, '''95%''' of bee hives ('''[[hive types]]''') in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' with low productivity. <ref name="Negash 2017"/> According to Gemechis (2016) and MoARD (2007) traditional beehives produce around '''5-8 kg''' honey <ref name="MoARD 2007"/> <ref name="Gemechis 2016">Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.</ref>, while the average honey yield in modern hives ranges from '''15-20 kg'''. <ref name="Taye 2016"/> <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010">Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> According to FAO, the average amount of honey per hive over 24 years was 7.55 kg and therefore is in agreement with the prior mentioned observations. <ref name="FAO 2018">FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 23.04.2018. URL: http://faostat.fao.org</ref> '''70-80%''' of produced honey is used for the production of '''''tej''''' (traditional beverage) and the remaining percentage is sold as table honey. <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010"/> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref name="SNV 2005">SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> 10% of honey is consumed directly by the beekeeping households, while the rest is sold for gaining income. <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> One major quality problem is the high '''moisture level''' of honey. Samples from all over the country revealed moisture content between '''15.25%''' and '''30.45%'''. The outcome varies with the type of used hives (traditional hives have 1.5-3.0% higher moisture content than modern hives) and the sample region (highly humid areas are more affected). <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> Honey from traditional hives is sometimes a mixture of pollen, wax and honey, because it is not common among some Ethiopian beekeepers to separate the crude honey from other components. <ref name="SNV 2005"/> <ref>Fichtl, R., & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> To the favoured storage materials for honey belong plastic bags, tins/barrels, plastic containers, clay/log pots and animal skin. <ref>Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> The leading honey and [[beeswax]] producing regions in Ethiopia include Oromia (41%), SNNPR (22%), Amara (21%) and Tigray (5%) ('''[[honey market value chain]]'''). <ref name="SNV 2005"/>
+'''Ethiopia:''' The country belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide ('''[[Import/Export of honey bee products]]''') and due to bimodal rains, honey can be harvested at least twice a year. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> <ref name="MOA">MoA & ILRI (2013). Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute.</ref> The annual honey production was estimated to '''43,000 t/year''' with a potential honey production of about '''550,000 t/year'''. <ref name="MoARD 2007">MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report - Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N - Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref> <ref name="Negash 2017">Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2), 107-116.</ref> <ref name= "Taye 2016">Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W. T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The potential annual honey production was estimated based on a nationwide modernization of the beesector (modern hive, increased number of hives/beekeeper, ...) Approximately, '''95%''' of bee hives ('''[[hive types]]''') in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' with low productivity. <ref name="Negash 2017"/> According to Gemechis (2016) and MoARD (2007) traditional beehives produce around '''5-8 kg''' honey <ref name="MoARD 2007"/> <ref name="Gemechis 2016">Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.</ref>, while the average honey yield in modern hives ranges from '''15-20 kg'''. <ref name="Taye 2016"/> <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010">Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> According to FAO, the average amount of honey per hive over 24 years was 7.55 kg and therefore is in agreement with the prior mentioned observations. <ref name="FAO 2018">FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 23.04.2018. URL: http://faostat.fao.org</ref> '''70-80%''' of produced honey is used for the production of '''''tej''''' (traditional beverage) and the remaining percentage is sold as table honey. <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010"/> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref name="SNV 2005">SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> 10% of honey is consumed directly by the beekeeping households, while the rest is sold for gaining income. <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> One major quality problem is the high '''moisture level''' of honey. Samples from all over the country revealed moisture content between '''15.25%''' and '''30.45%'''. The outcome varies with the type of used hives (traditional hives have 1.5-3.0% higher moisture content than modern hives) and the sample region (highly humid areas are more affected). <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> Honey from traditional hives is sometimes a mixture of pollen, wax and honey, because it is not common among some Ethiopian beekeepers to separate the crude honey from other components. <ref name="SNV 2005"/> <ref>Fichtl, R., & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> To the favoured storage materials for honey belong plastic bags, tins/barrels, plastic containers, clay/log pots and animal skin. <ref>Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> The leading honey and '''[[beeswax]]''' producing regions in Ethiopia include Oromia (41%), SNNPR (22%), Amara (21%) and Tigray (5%) ('''[[honey market value chain]]'''). <ref name="SNV 2005"/>
-According to FAO statistics (2018), the total '''volume of produced honey''' between the years of 1993 and 2004 increased constantly, but fluctuated afterwards: 24,000 t in 1993, 28,000 t in 1998, 40,900 t in 2004, and 42,000 t in 2008, 45,905 t in 2012, 0 t in 2013/2014 and 47,706 t in 2016. <ref name="FAO 2018">FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 23.04.2018. URL: http://faostat.fao.org</ref> As shown in the figure below, official data of FAO statistics (2018) also showed a honey production of 0 t in the years 2013 and 2014. <ref name="FAO 2018"/>
+According to FAO statistics (2018), the total '''volume of produced honey''' between the years of 1993 and 2004 increased constantly, but fluctuated afterwards: 24,000 t in 1993, 28,000 t in 1998, 40,900 t in 2004, and 42,000 t in 2008, 45,905 t in 2012, 0 t in 2013/2014 and 47,706 t in 2016. <ref name="FAO 2018">FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 23.04.2018. URL: http://faostat.fao.org</ref> As in the figure below, official data of FAO statistics (2018) also showed a honey production of 0 t in the years 2013 and 2014. <ref name="FAO 2018"/>
 [[File:HoneyProduction_ET.png|thumb|center|Honey production in Ethiopia (1993-2016); *Data is based on estimations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); **Data is not available.]]
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 [[File:Honeyperhive_ET.PNG|thumb|center|Honey yield per hive in Ethiopia (1993-2016); *Data is based on estimations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); **Data is not available.]]
 ----
-'''Indonesia:''' Unfortunately, neither FAO, nor another statistical provider gives any data on the honey production of Indonesia. However, it is estimated, that Indonesia needs '''3,750 t''' of honey per year, while there is a supply of only '''500-2,000 t''' per year. <ref name="Widiatmaka">Widiatmaka, W., Wiwin, A., Chandrasa, E. S., & Lailan, S. (2006). Geographic Information System and Analytical Hierarchy Process For Land Use Planning of Beekeeping in Forest Margin of Bogor Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 7(3), 50-57.</ref> <ref>Roman, A. (2006). Effect of Pollen Load Size on the Weight of Pollen Harvested from Honeybee Colonies (''Apis mellifera'' L.). Journal of Apicultural Science, 50(2).</ref> De Jong (2000) estimated the honey production in the region of Kalimantan (based on beekeeping with '''[[hive types|“honey boards”]]''') between '''53 kg''' and '''267 kg''' per beekeeping operation (family) per year. <ref>De Jong, W. (2000). Micro-differences in Local Resource Management: The Case of Honey in West Kalimantan, Indonesia -a Brief Comment. Human Ecology, 28(4), 631-639.</ref> Shouten et al. (in press) assessed the beekeeping situation on 4 islands of Indonesia and found, that the mean annual honey yield from ''A. cerana'' beehives ranges from 0.5 kg to 5 kg per hive and strongly depends on the '''[[Major honey flows (plants, seasons)|season]]'''. One surveyed beekeeper mentioned a three times higher honey yield when harvesting in the wet season compared to a dry season's yield. The authors claim, that those results should be interpreted with caution, because questioned beekeepers rarely kept records. <ref name="Shouten">Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that beekeeping in Indonesia is still considered to be '''“second class farming”''' and therefore the beekeeping sector is still small. There are various forms of gaining honey, for example working with small colonies of stingless bees, or the practice of '''[[Other types of gaining bee products, including honey hunting and meliponiculture|honey hunting]]''' of ''A. dorsata'', where the forest honey is often consumed locally and therefore the data on the amount of harvested honey is not passed on for statistical assessments. <ref>De Jong, W. (2002). Forest products and local forest management in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for conservation and development. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.</ref> Further, the honey consumption per person per year is with '''15 g''' very low. <ref name="Widiatmaka"/> There is less current information on the quality of Indonesian honey, but a study in 1988 revealed '''high moisture''' content between '''20.7''' and '''36.3%''' (22 samples from Sumatran village markets) and '''adulteration''' with sucrose (cane sugar, or sugar syrup) in most of the samplings ('''[[biggest problems in beekeeping]]'''). In addition, some of the investigated honey samples were boiled to evaporate  the water for a higher viscosity of the product, which led to a '''high hydroxymethylfurfural''' (HMF) content. <ref>White, J. W., Platt, Jr. J. L., Allen-Wardell, G., & Allen-Wardell, C. (1988). Quality Control for Honey Enterprises in Less-Developed Areas: An Indonesian Example, Bee World, 69:2, 49-62.</ref> In consistence is a not yet published study bei Shouten et al. (in press) who described a mean moisture content of 24%. <ref name="Shouten"/> According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), Indonesian beekeepers sell their honey in two different forms, '''table honey''' (common honey packed in a glass jar) and '''nest honey''', called “madu sarang” (honey sold including the whole comb). Selling nest honey is gaining more attractiveness, due to the widespread problem of honey adulteration.
+'''Indonesia:''' Unfortunately, neither FAO, nor another statistical provider gives any data on the honey production of Indonesia. However, it is estimated, that Indonesia needs '''3,750 t''' of honey per year, while there is a supply of only '''500-2,000 t''' per year. <ref name="Widiatmaka">Widiatmaka, W., Wiwin, A., Chandrasa, E. S., & Lailan, S. (2006). Geographic Information System and Analytical Hierarchy Process For Land Use Planning of Beekeeping in Forest Margin of Bogor Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 7(3), 50-57.</ref> <ref>Roman, A. (2006). Effect of Pollen Load Size on the Weight of Pollen Harvested from Honeybee Colonies (''Apis mellifera'' L.). Journal of Apicultural Science, 50(2), 47-57.</ref> De Jong (2000) estimated the honey production in the region of Kalimantan (based on beekeeping with '''[[hive types|“honey boards”]]''') between '''53 kg''' and '''267 kg''' per beekeeping operation (family) per year. <ref>De Jong, W. (2000). Micro-differences in Local Resource Management: The Case of Honey in West Kalimantan, Indonesia -a Brief Comment. Human Ecology, 28(4), 631-639.</ref> Shouten et al. (in press) assessed the beekeeping situation on 4 islands of Indonesia and found, that the mean annual honey yield from ''A. cerana'' beehives ranges from 0.5 kg to 5 kg per hive and strongly depends on the '''[[Major honey flows (plants, seasons)|season]]'''. One surveyed beekeeper mentioned a three times higher honey yield when harvesting in the wet season compared to a dry season's yield. The authors claim, that those results should be interpreted with caution, because questioned beekeepers rarely kept records. <ref name="Shouten">Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd, H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that beekeeping in Indonesia is still considered to be a '''“part time farming activity”''' and therefore the beekeeping sector is still small. There are various forms of gaining honey, for example working with small colonies of stingless bees, or the practice of '''[[Other types of gaining bee products, including honey hunting and meliponiculture|honey hunting]]''' of ''A. dorsata'', where the forest honey is often consumed locally and therefore the data on the amount of harvested honey is not passed on for statistical assessments. <ref>De Jong, W. (2002). Forest products and local forest management in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for conservation and development. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.</ref> Further, the honey consumption per person per year is with '''15 g''' very low. <ref name="Widiatmaka"/> There is less current information on the quality of Indonesian honey, but a study in 1988 revealed '''high moisture''' content between '''20.7''' and '''36.3%''' (22 samples from Sumatran village markets) and '''adulteration''' with sucrose (cane sugar, or sugar syrup) in most of the samplings ('''[[biggest problems in beekeeping]]'''). In addition, some of the investigated honey samples were boiled to evaporate  the water for a higher viscosity of the product, which led to a '''high hydroxymethylfurfural''' (HMF) content. <ref>White, J. W., Platt, Jr. J. L., Allen-Wardell, G., & Allen-Wardell, C. (1988). Quality Control for Honey Enterprises in Less-Developed Areas: An Indonesian Example, Bee World, 69(2), 49-62.</ref> In consistence is a not yet published study bei Shouten et al. (in press) who described a mean moisture content of 24%. <ref name="Shouten"/> According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), Indonesian beekeepers sell their honey in two different forms, '''table honey''' (common honey packed in a glass jar) and '''nest honey''', called “madu sarang” (honey sold including the whole comb). Selling nest honey is gaining more attractiveness, due to the widespread problem of honey adulteration.
 ==References==
 <references/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:49, 28 November 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
	== Honey ==		== Honey ==

−	'''Ethiopia:''' The country belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide ('''[[Import/Export of honey bee products]]''') and due to bimodal rains, honey can be harvested at least twice a year. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> <ref name="MOA">MoA & ILRI (2013). Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute.</ref> The annual honey production was estimated to '''43,000 t/year''' with a potential honey production of about '''550,000 t/year'''. <ref name="MoARD 2007">MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report - Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N - Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref> <ref name="Negash 2017">Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2), 107-116.</ref> <ref name= "Taye 2016">Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The potential annual honey production was estimated based on a nationwide modernization of the beesector (modern hive, increased number of hives/beekeeper, ...) Approximately, '''95%''' of bee hives ('''[[hive types]]''') in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' with low productivity. <ref name="Negash 2017"/> According to Gemechis (2016) and MoARD (2007) traditional beehives produce around '''5-8 kg''' honey <ref name="MoARD 2007"/> <ref name="Gemechis 2016">Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.</ref>, while the average honey yield in modern hives ranges from '''15-20 kg'''. <ref name="Taye 2016"/> <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010">Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> According to FAO, the average amount of honey per hive over 24 years was 7.55 kg and therefore is in agreement with the prior mentioned observations. <ref name="FAO 2018">FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 23.04.2018. URL: http://faostat.fao.org</ref> '''70-80%''' of produced honey is used for the production of '''''tej''''' (traditional beverage) and the remaining percentage is sold as table honey. <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010"/> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref name="SNV 2005">SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> 10% of honey is consumed directly by the beekeeping households, while the rest is sold for gaining income. <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> One major quality problem is the high '''moisture level''' of honey. Samples from all over the country revealed moisture content between '''15.25%''' and '''30.45%'''. The outcome varies with the type of used hives (traditional hives have 1.5-3.0% higher moisture content than modern hives) and the sample region (highly humid areas are more affected). <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> Honey from traditional hives is sometimes a mixture of pollen, wax and honey, because it is not common among some Ethiopian beekeepers to separate the crude honey from other components. <ref name="SNV 2005"/> <ref>Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> To the favoured storage materials for honey belong plastic bags, tins/barrels, plastic containers, clay/log pots and animal skin. <ref>Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> The leading honey and [[beeswax]] producing regions in Ethiopia include Oromia (41%), SNNPR (22%), Amara (21%) and Tigray (5%) ('''[[honey market value chain]]'''). <ref name="SNV 2005"/>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' The country belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide ('''[[Import/Export of honey bee products]]''') and due to bimodal rains, honey can be harvested at least twice a year. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> <ref name="MOA">MoA & ILRI (2013). Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute.</ref> The annual honey production was estimated to '''43,000 t/year''' with a potential honey production of about '''550,000 t/year'''. <ref name="MoARD 2007">MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report - Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N - Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref> <ref name="Negash 2017">Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2), 107-116.</ref> <ref name= "Taye 2016">Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The potential annual honey production was estimated based on a nationwide modernization of the beesector (modern hive, increased number of hives/beekeeper, ...) Approximately, '''95%''' of bee hives ('''[[hive types]]''') in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' with low productivity. <ref name="Negash 2017"/> According to Gemechis (2016) and MoARD (2007) traditional beehives produce around '''5-8 kg''' honey <ref name="MoARD 2007"/> <ref name="Gemechis 2016">Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.</ref>, while the average honey yield in modern hives ranges from '''15-20 kg'''. <ref name="Taye 2016"/> <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010">Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> According to FAO, the average amount of honey per hive over 24 years was 7.55 kg and therefore is in agreement with the prior mentioned observations. <ref name="FAO 2018">FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 23.04.2018. URL: http://faostat.fao.org</ref> '''70-80%''' of produced honey is used for the production of '''''tej''''' (traditional beverage) and the remaining percentage is sold as table honey. <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010"/> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref name="SNV 2005">SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> 10% of honey is consumed directly by the beekeeping households, while the rest is sold for gaining income. <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> One major quality problem is the high '''moisture level''' of honey. Samples from all over the country revealed moisture content between '''15.25%''' and '''30.45%'''. The outcome varies with the type of used hives (traditional hives have 1.5-3.0% higher moisture content than modern hives) and the sample region (highly humid areas are more affected). <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> Honey from traditional hives is sometimes a mixture of pollen, wax and honey, because it is not common among some Ethiopian beekeepers to separate the crude honey from other components. <ref name="SNV 2005"/> <ref>Fichtl, R., & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> To the favoured storage materials for honey belong plastic bags, tins/barrels, plastic containers, clay/log pots and animal skin. <ref>Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> The leading honey and [[beeswax]] producing regions in Ethiopia include Oromia (41%), SNNPR (22%), Amara (21%) and Tigray (5%) ('''[[honey market value chain]]'''). <ref name="SNV 2005"/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:42, 28 November 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
	== Honey ==		== Honey ==

−	'''Ethiopia:''' The country belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide ('''[[Import/Export of honey bee products]]''') and due to bimodal rains, honey can be harvested at least twice a year. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> <ref name="MOA">MoA & ILRI (2013). Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute.</ref> The annual honey production was estimated to '''43,000 t/year''' with a potential honey production of about '''550,000 t/year'''. <ref name="MoARD 2007">MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report - Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N - Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref> <ref name="Negash 2017">Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2), 107-116.</ref> <ref name= "Taye 2016">Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The potential annual honey production was estimated based on a nationwide modernization of the beesector (modern hive, increased number of hives/beekeeper, ...) Approximately, '''95%''' of bee hives ('''[[hive types]]''') in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' with low productivity. <ref name="Negash 2017"/> According to Gemechis (2016) and MoARD (2007) traditional beehives produce around '''5-8 kg''' honey <ref name="MoARD 2007"/> <ref name="Gemechis 2016">Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.</ref>, while the average honey yield in modern hives ranges from '''15-20 kg'''. <ref name="Taye 2016"/> <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010">Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. ~~Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science~~, 2(1).</ref> According to FAO, the average amount of honey per hive over 24 years was 7.55 kg and therefore is in agreement with the prior mentioned observations. <ref name="FAO 2018">FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 23.04.2018. URL: http://faostat.fao.org</ref> '''70-80%''' of produced honey is used for the production of '''''tej''''' (traditional beverage) and the remaining percentage is sold as table honey. <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010"/> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref name="SNV 2005">SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> 10% of honey is consumed directly by the beekeeping households, while the rest is sold for gaining income. <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> One major quality problem is the high '''moisture level''' of honey. Samples from all over the country revealed moisture content between '''15.25%''' and '''30.45%'''. The outcome varies with the type of used hives (traditional hives have 1.5-3.0% higher moisture content than modern hives) and the sample region (highly humid areas are more affected). <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> Honey from traditional hives is sometimes a mixture of pollen, wax and honey, because it is not common among some Ethiopian beekeepers to separate the crude honey from other components. <ref name="SNV 2005"/> <ref>Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> To the favoured storage materials for honey belong plastic bags, tins/barrels, plastic containers, clay/log pots and animal skin. <ref>Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> The leading honey and [[beeswax]] producing regions in Ethiopia include Oromia (41%), SNNPR (22%), Amara (21%) and Tigray (5%) ('''[[honey market value chain]]'''). <ref name="SNV 2005"/>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' The country belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide ('''[[Import/Export of honey bee products]]''') and due to bimodal rains, honey can be harvested at least twice a year. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> <ref name="MOA">MoA & ILRI (2013). Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute.</ref> The annual honey production was estimated to '''43,000 t/year''' with a potential honey production of about '''550,000 t/year'''. <ref name="MoARD 2007">MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report - Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N - Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref> <ref name="Negash 2017">Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2), 107-116.</ref> <ref name= "Taye 2016">Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The potential annual honey production was estimated based on a nationwide modernization of the beesector (modern hive, increased number of hives/beekeeper, ...) Approximately, '''95%''' of bee hives ('''[[hive types]]''') in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' with low productivity. <ref name="Negash 2017"/> According to Gemechis (2016) and MoARD (2007) traditional beehives produce around '''5-8 kg''' honey <ref name="MoARD 2007"/> <ref name="Gemechis 2016">Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.</ref>, while the average honey yield in modern hives ranges from '''15-20 kg'''. <ref name="Taye 2016"/> <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010">Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> According to FAO, the average amount of honey per hive over 24 years was 7.55 kg and therefore is in agreement with the prior mentioned observations. <ref name="FAO 2018">FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 23.04.2018. URL: http://faostat.fao.org</ref> '''70-80%''' of produced honey is used for the production of '''''tej''''' (traditional beverage) and the remaining percentage is sold as table honey. <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010"/> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref name="SNV 2005">SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> 10% of honey is consumed directly by the beekeeping households, while the rest is sold for gaining income. <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> One major quality problem is the high '''moisture level''' of honey. Samples from all over the country revealed moisture content between '''15.25%''' and '''30.45%'''. The outcome varies with the type of used hives (traditional hives have 1.5-3.0% higher moisture content than modern hives) and the sample region (highly humid areas are more affected). <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> Honey from traditional hives is sometimes a mixture of pollen, wax and honey, because it is not common among some Ethiopian beekeepers to separate the crude honey from other components. <ref name="SNV 2005"/> <ref>Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> To the favoured storage materials for honey belong plastic bags, tins/barrels, plastic containers, clay/log pots and animal skin. <ref>Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> The leading honey and [[beeswax]] producing regions in Ethiopia include Oromia (41%), SNNPR (22%), Amara (21%) and Tigray (5%) ('''[[honey market value chain]]'''). <ref name="SNV 2005"/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:30, 28 November 2018
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	== Honey ==		== Honey ==

−	'''Ethiopia:''' The country belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide ('''[[Import/Export of honey bee products]]''') and due to bimodal rains, honey can be harvested at least twice a year. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> <ref name="MOA">MoA & ILRI (2013). Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute.</ref> The annual honey production was estimated to '''43,000 t/year''' with a potential honey production of about '''550,000 t/year'''. <ref name="MoARD 2007">MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report - Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N - Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref> <ref name="Negash 2017">Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2).</ref> <ref name= "Taye 2016">Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The potential annual honey production was estimated based on a nationwide modernization of the beesector (modern hive, increased number of hives/beekeeper, ...) Approximately, '''95%''' of bee hives ('''[[hive types]]''') in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' with low productivity. <ref name="Negash 2017"/> According to Gemechis (2016) and MoARD (2007) traditional beehives produce around '''5-8 kg''' honey <ref name="MoARD 2007"/> <ref name="Gemechis 2016">Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.</ref>, while the average honey yield in modern hives ranges from '''15-20 kg'''. <ref name="Taye 2016"/> <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010">Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1).</ref> According to FAO, the average amount of honey per hive over 24 years was 7.55 kg and therefore is in agreement with the prior mentioned observations. <ref name="FAO 2018">FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 23.04.2018. URL: http://faostat.fao.org</ref> '''70-80%''' of produced honey is used for the production of '''''tej''''' (traditional beverage) and the remaining percentage is sold as table honey. <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010"/> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref name="SNV 2005">SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> 10% of honey is consumed directly by the beekeeping households, while the rest is sold for gaining income. <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> One major quality problem is the high '''moisture level''' of honey. Samples from all over the country revealed moisture content between '''15.25%''' and '''30.45%'''. The outcome varies with the type of used hives (traditional hives have 1.5-3.0% higher moisture content than modern hives) and the sample region (highly humid areas are more affected). <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> Honey from traditional hives is sometimes a mixture of pollen, wax and honey, because it is not common among some Ethiopian beekeepers to separate the crude honey from other components. <ref name="SNV 2005"/> <ref>Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> To the favoured storage materials for honey belong plastic bags, tins/barrels, plastic containers, clay/log pots and animal skin. <ref>Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> The leading honey and [[beeswax]] producing regions in Ethiopia include Oromia (41%), SNNPR (22%), Amara (21%) and Tigray (5%) ('''[[honey market value chain]]'''). <ref name="SNV 2005"/>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' The country belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide ('''[[Import/Export of honey bee products]]''') and due to bimodal rains, honey can be harvested at least twice a year. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> <ref name="MOA">MoA & ILRI (2013). Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute.</ref> The annual honey production was estimated to '''43,000 t/year''' with a potential honey production of about '''550,000 t/year'''. <ref name="MoARD 2007">MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report - Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N - Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref> <ref name="Negash 2017">Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2), 107-116.</ref> <ref name= "Taye 2016">Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The potential annual honey production was estimated based on a nationwide modernization of the beesector (modern hive, increased number of hives/beekeeper, ...) Approximately, '''95%''' of bee hives ('''[[hive types]]''') in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' with low productivity. <ref name="Negash 2017"/> According to Gemechis (2016) and MoARD (2007) traditional beehives produce around '''5-8 kg''' honey <ref name="MoARD 2007"/> <ref name="Gemechis 2016">Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.</ref>, while the average honey yield in modern hives ranges from '''15-20 kg'''. <ref name="Taye 2016"/> <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010">Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1).</ref> According to FAO, the average amount of honey per hive over 24 years was 7.55 kg and therefore is in agreement with the prior mentioned observations. <ref name="FAO 2018">FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 23.04.2018. URL: http://faostat.fao.org</ref> '''70-80%''' of produced honey is used for the production of '''''tej''''' (traditional beverage) and the remaining percentage is sold as table honey. <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010"/> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref name="SNV 2005">SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> 10% of honey is consumed directly by the beekeeping households, while the rest is sold for gaining income. <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> One major quality problem is the high '''moisture level''' of honey. Samples from all over the country revealed moisture content between '''15.25%''' and '''30.45%'''. The outcome varies with the type of used hives (traditional hives have 1.5-3.0% higher moisture content than modern hives) and the sample region (highly humid areas are more affected). <ref name="Gemechis 2016"/> Honey from traditional hives is sometimes a mixture of pollen, wax and honey, because it is not common among some Ethiopian beekeepers to separate the crude honey from other components. <ref name="SNV 2005"/> <ref>Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> To the favoured storage materials for honey belong plastic bags, tins/barrels, plastic containers, clay/log pots and animal skin. <ref>Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> The leading honey and [[beeswax]] producing regions in Ethiopia include Oromia (41%), SNNPR (22%), Amara (21%) and Tigray (5%) ('''[[honey market value chain]]'''). <ref name="SNV 2005"/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:20, 21 November 2018
Line 20:		Line 20:


−	'''Ethiopia:''' Gemechis (2016) wrote about the domestic honey market value chain of Ethiopia: Crude honey is sold to '''collectors''' (nearest town/village markets) by small scale beekeepers. They pass on a great amount of the product to '''whole sellers''' in bigger cities and to local '''''tej'' breweries'''. The whole sellers act as '''distributors''' and sell the honey to '''retailers''', '''''tej'' houses''', '''processors''' and '''consumers'''. <ref name="Gemechis 2015"/> Some beekeepers form '''marketing and producing cooperatives'''. They collect crude honey from members and sell the semi-processed product to processing companies or distributors. In 2013 there were nine registered honey processor companies in the country and some of ~~the~~ are also engaged in honey production. <ref name="MOA"/> In Ethiopia, there is a lack of “good beekeeping practice”, thus, the cooperatives do not underlie quality controlling bodies, nor have business concepts and therefore suffer under '''quality loss''' and cannot compete with '''bigger companies''' (lack of proper collection, storage and transportation facilities). In addition, the domestic honey market has several problems: the '''smuggle''' and '''adulteration''' of honey bee products, complaints of consumers about '''increasing prices''' of honey products, while the beekeepers have the feeling that the business is not rewarding. <ref name="Gemechis 2015"/> For local beekeepers, it is not common to separate table honey from beeswax and other ingredients, but during the ''tej''-brewing process, beeswax is separated as a '''byproduct''' that is passed on to [[beeswax]] collectors and exporters. Hence, they serve as important stakeholders in the beeswax business. <ref name="SNV 2005"/> About 10 percent of the produced honey in the country is not sold but consumed in the households. There are regions in Ethiopia, where not only 10%, but most of the honey is consumed by the beekeeping households. In a consequence, in those regions there are only fragments of, or no honey market chain at all. <ref>Serda B., Zewudu T., Dereje M., Aman M. (2015). Beekeeping Practices, Production Potential and Challenges of Bee Keeping among Beekeepers in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia. J Veterinar Sci Technol 6(255), 1-5.</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' Gemechis (2016) wrote about the domestic honey market value chain of Ethiopia: Crude honey is sold to '''collectors''' (nearest town/village markets) by small scale beekeepers. They pass on a great amount of the product to '''whole sellers''' in bigger cities and to local '''''tej'' breweries'''. The whole sellers act as '''distributors''' and sell the honey to '''retailers''', '''''tej'' houses''', '''processors''' and '''consumers'''. <ref name="Gemechis 2015"/> Some beekeepers form '''marketing and producing cooperatives'''. They collect crude honey from members and sell the semi-processed product to processing companies or distributors. In 2013 there were nine registered honey processor companies in the country and some of them are also engaged in honey production. <ref name="MOA"/> In Ethiopia, there is a lack of “good beekeeping practice”, thus, the cooperatives do not underlie quality controlling bodies, nor have business concepts and therefore suffer under '''quality loss''' and cannot compete with '''bigger companies''' (lack of proper collection, storage and transportation facilities). In addition, the domestic honey market has several problems: the '''smuggle''' and '''adulteration''' of honey bee products, complaints of consumers about '''increasing prices''' of honey products, while the beekeepers have the feeling that the business is not rewarding. <ref name="Gemechis 2015"/> For local beekeepers, it is not common to separate table honey from beeswax and other ingredients, but during the ''tej''-brewing process, beeswax is separated as a '''byproduct''' that is passed on to [[beeswax]] collectors and exporters. Hence, they serve as important stakeholders in the beeswax business. <ref name="SNV 2005"/> About 10 percent of the produced honey in the country is not sold but consumed in the households. There are regions in Ethiopia, where not only 10%, but most of the honey is consumed by the beekeeping households. In a consequence, in those regions there are only fragments of, or no honey market chain at all. <ref>Serda B., Zewudu T., Dereje M., Aman M. (2015). Beekeeping Practices, Production Potential and Challenges of Bee Keeping among Beekeepers in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia. J Veterinar Sci Technol 6(255), 1-5.</ref>