Major honey flows (plants, seasons) - Revision history

KristinaG at 11:54, 3 December 2019

2019-12-03T11:54:42Z

KristinaG at 07:28, 5 September 2019

2019-09-05T07:28:41Z

KristinaG at 08:44, 31 July 2019

2019-07-31T08:44:10Z

KristinaG at 08:43, 31 July 2019

2019-07-31T08:43:17Z

KristinaG at 13:35, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T13:35:33Z

KristinaG at 11:20, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T11:20:34Z

KristinaG at 08:37, 28 November 2018

2018-11-28T08:37:41Z

KristinaG at 08:23, 28 November 2018

2018-11-28T08:23:35Z

KristinaG at 14:28, 19 November 2018

2018-11-19T14:28:43Z

KristinaG at 12:53, 12 November 2018

2018-11-12T12:53:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:54, 3 December 2019
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	</gallery>		</gallery>

−	There is '''cryptic information''' on major harvesting seasons in Indonesia, but according to an informal survey, conducted by the Universitas Padjadjaran (2018), the most important harvesting season in '''West Java''' takes place from '''January''' to '''May''', while it is also common to harvest minor amounts of honey during the whole year, if there is personal need. Shouten et al. (in press) observed that beekeepers within the study area (Nusa Penida, Bali and Java ) harvested honey on average eight times a year. <ref>Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd, H. (~~in press~~). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia. ~~(status: 10.11.2018)~~</ref> Hadisoesilo (2002) mentioned two honey seasons in Sulawesi: one from September to December and one from February to April. It has to be mentioned, that from the article it was not clear, if those seasons are only related to honey obtaining from ''A. dorsata'', or to ''Apis'' species in general. <ref>Hadisoesilo, S. (2002). Tingku - A traditional management technique. Bees for Development Journal, 64, 4-5.</ref>	+	There is '''cryptic information''' on major harvesting seasons in Indonesia, but according to an informal survey, conducted by the Universitas Padjadjaran (2018), the most important harvesting season in '''West Java''' takes place from '''January''' to '''May''', while it is also common to harvest minor amounts of honey during the whole year, if there is personal need. Shouten et al. (in press) observed that beekeepers within the study area (Nusa Penida, Bali and Java ) harvested honey on average eight times a year. <ref>Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd, H. (2019). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia.</ref> Hadisoesilo (2002) mentioned two honey seasons in Sulawesi: one from September to December and one from February to April. It has to be mentioned, that from the article it was not clear, if those seasons are only related to honey obtaining from ''A. dorsata'', or to ''Apis'' species in general. <ref>Hadisoesilo, S. (2002). Tingku - A traditional management technique. Bees for Development Journal, 64, 4-5.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:28, 5 September 2019
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−	'''Indonesia:''' In general, almost '''no literature''' exists on important melliferous plants in Indonesia. Furthermore, there is no information about important floral species for ''Apis mellifera''. However, due to the similar morphology and nutritional ecology of ''A. mellifera'' and ''A. cerana'', it can be assumed, that floral species, important for ''A. cerana'', also act as potential melliferous plant species for ''A. mellifera'': '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia coromandeliana''), '''Anacardiaceae''' (''Mangifera indica, Mangifera spp.''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Areca catechu, Arenga pinnata, Caryota mitis, Cocos nucifera''), '''Asteraceae''' (''Bidens pilosa, Clibadium surinamensis, Eupatorium inulifolium, E. odoratum, Galinsoga parviflora, Tithonia diversifolia, Mikania micrantha, Spilanthes iabadicensis, S. paniculata''), '''Bombacaceae''' (''Durio zibethinus''), '''Brassicaceae''' (''Brassica rapa, Brassica sp., Rorippa indica''), '''Caricaceae''' (''Carica papaya''), '''Cucurbitaceae''' (''Momordica charantia, Cucumis sativus, Sechium edule''), '''Cyperaceae''' (''Cyperus kyllingia''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Aleurites moluccana, Homalanthus pupulneus''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium, A. crassicarpa, Calliandra spp., Leucaena glauca, Mimosa invisa, M. pigra, M. pudica, Pithecellobium lobatum, Parkia speciosa''), '''Graminae''' (''Oryza sativa, Zea mays''), '''Lauraceae''' (''Cinnamomum burmanii, Persea americana''), Loranthaceae (''Loranthus europaeus''), '''Lythraceae''' (''Cuphea spp.''), '''Meliaceae''' (''Melia azedarach, Toona sureni''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Psidium guajava'') and '''Verbenaceae''' (''Tectona grandis''). <ref>Jasmi (2017). Diversity and blooming season of food sources plant of ''Apis cerana'' (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in polyculture plantation in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(1), 34-40.</ref> <ref>Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah Apis cerana Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>	+	'''Indonesia:''' In general, almost '''no literature''' exists on important melliferous plants in Indonesia. Furthermore, there is no information about important floral species for ''Apis mellifera''. However, due to the similar morphology and nutritional ecology of ''A. mellifera'' and ''A. cerana'', it can be assumed, that floral species, important for ''A. cerana'', also act as potential melliferous plant species for ''A. mellifera'': '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia coromandeliana''), '''Anacardiaceae''' (''Mangifera indica, Mangifera spp.''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Areca catechu, Arenga pinnata, Caryota mitis, Cocos nucifera''), '''Asteraceae''' (''Bidens pilosa, Clibadium surinamensis, Eupatorium inulifolium, E. odoratum, Galinsoga parviflora, Tithonia diversifolia, Mikania micrantha, Spilanthes iabadicensis, S. paniculata''), '''Bombacaceae''' (''Durio zibethinus''), '''Brassicaceae''' (''Brassica rapa, Brassica sp., Rorippa indica''), '''Caricaceae''' (''Carica papaya''), '''Cucurbitaceae''' (''Momordica charantia, Cucumis sativus, Sechium edule''), '''Cyperaceae''' (''Cyperus kyllingia''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Aleurites moluccana, Homalanthus pupulneus''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium, A. crassicarpa, Calliandra spp., Leucaena glauca, Mimosa invisa, M. pigra, M. pudica, Pithecellobium lobatum, Parkia speciosa''), '''Graminae''' (''Oryza sativa, Zea mays''), '''Lauraceae''' (''Cinnamomum burmanii, Persea americana''), Loranthaceae (''Loranthus europaeus''), '''Lythraceae''' (''Cuphea spp.''), '''Meliaceae''' (''Melia azedarach, Toona sureni''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Psidium guajava'') and '''Verbenaceae''' (''Tectona grandis''). <ref>Jasmi (2017). Diversity and blooming season of food sources plant of ''Apis cerana'' (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in polyculture plantation in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(1), 34-40.</ref> <ref>Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah Apis cerana Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref> Especially important seems to be ''Calliandra calothyrsus'' for both, pollen and nectar. It was introduced from South America in the 1930 is (Fig below) and is distributed all over the Indonesian islands.

		+	<gallery widths=100px heights=300px mode="packed-hover">
		+	CalliandraCalothyrsus.JPG\|Calliandra calothyrsus is an important melliferous plant for Indonesian honeybees. Photo credit: Gratzer Kristina
		+	</gallery>

	There is '''cryptic information''' on major harvesting seasons in Indonesia, but according to an informal survey, conducted by the Universitas Padjadjaran (2018), the most important harvesting season in '''West Java''' takes place from '''January''' to '''May''', while it is also common to harvest minor amounts of honey during the whole year, if there is personal need. Shouten et al. (in press) observed that beekeepers within the study area (Nusa Penida, Bali and Java ) harvested honey on average eight times a year. <ref>Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd, H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia. (status: 10.11.2018)</ref> Hadisoesilo (2002) mentioned two honey seasons in Sulawesi: one from September to December and one from February to April. It has to be mentioned, that from the article it was not clear, if those seasons are only related to honey obtaining from ''A. dorsata'', or to ''Apis'' species in general. <ref>Hadisoesilo, S. (2002). Tingku - A traditional management technique. Bees for Development Journal, 64, 4-5.</ref>		There is '''cryptic information''' on major harvesting seasons in Indonesia, but according to an informal survey, conducted by the Universitas Padjadjaran (2018), the most important harvesting season in '''West Java''' takes place from '''January''' to '''May''', while it is also common to harvest minor amounts of honey during the whole year, if there is personal need. Shouten et al. (in press) observed that beekeepers within the study area (Nusa Penida, Bali and Java ) harvested honey on average eight times a year. <ref>Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd, H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia. (status: 10.11.2018)</ref> Hadisoesilo (2002) mentioned two honey seasons in Sulawesi: one from September to December and one from February to April. It has to be mentioned, that from the article it was not clear, if those seasons are only related to honey obtaining from ''A. dorsata'', or to ''Apis'' species in general. <ref>Hadisoesilo, S. (2002). Tingku - A traditional management technique. Bees for Development Journal, 64, 4-5.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:44, 31 July 2019
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' There are several important melliferous plant species within following botanical families: '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia gangetica, Hypoestes forskaolii, Justicia bizuneshiae''), '''Agavaceae''' (''Agave sisalana''), '''Aloaceae''' (''Aloe spp.''), '''Anacaridaceae''' (''Ozoroa insignis''), '''Araliaceae''' (''Schefflera abyssinica''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Borassus aethiopum, Phoenix reclinata''), Asteraceae (''Bidens macroptera, B. pachyloma, Carduus camaecephalus, Carthamus tinctorius, Crassocephalum macropappum, Guizotia abyssinica, G. scabra, Helichrysum citrispinum, Mikaniopsis clematoides, Vernonia amygdalina''), '''Boraginaceae''' (''Cordia africana''), '''Cactaceae''' (''Opuntia ficus-indica''), '''Campanulaceae''' (''Lobelia rhynchopetalum''), '''Combretaceae''' (''Combretum molle, Terminalia brownii''), '''Ericaceae''' (''Erica arborea, E. trimera''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Croton macrostachyus, Euphorbium candelabrum''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia spp., Acacia albia, A. brevispica, A. pentagona, A. senegal, A. seyal, A. sieberiana, A. tortilis, Albizia ~~spp., Calliandra~~ spp., Dichtrostachys cinera, Piliostigma thonningii, Trifolium spp.''), '''Hypericaceae''' (''Hypericum revolutum''), '''Lamiaceae''' (''Becium grandiflorum, Satureja punctata''), '''Leguminosae''' (''Cassia arereh''), '''Malvaceae''' (''Grewia mollis, G. villosa''), '''Moraceae''' (''Ficus sur''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Eucalyptus globulus''), '''Oleaceae''' (''Olea Africana''), '''Poaceae''' (''Andropogon abyssinicus''), '''Rhamnaceae''' (''Berchemia discolor, Ziziphus pubescens''), '''Rosaceae''' (''Hagenia abyssinica''), '''Rubiaceae''' (''Coffea arabica''), '''Sapotaceae''' (''Aningeria adolfi-friederici, Mimusops laurifolia'') and '''Ulmaceae''' (''Celtis africana, C. toka''). <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center. Ethiopia.</ref><ref>El Mahi, A. G., & Magid, T. D. A., (2014). The Potential of ''Acacia seyal'' as a Resourceful Tree for Gum Arabic in Sudan. Gum Arabic Board (Sudan). Khartoum.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Haftom, G., Zelealem, T., Girmay, M., & Awet, E. (2013). Seasonal honeybee forage availability, swarming, absconding and honey harvesting in Debrekidan and Begasheka Watersheds of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(4). HTML-Version.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that there may be more plant families relevant for honey bees.	+	'''Ethiopia:''' There are several important melliferous plant species within following botanical families: '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia gangetica, Hypoestes forskaolii, Justicia bizuneshiae''), '''Agavaceae''' (''Agave sisalana''), '''Aloaceae''' (''Aloe spp.''), '''Anacaridaceae''' (''Ozoroa insignis''), '''Araliaceae''' (''Schefflera abyssinica''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Borassus aethiopum, Phoenix reclinata''), Asteraceae (''Bidens macroptera, B. pachyloma, Carduus camaecephalus, Carthamus tinctorius, Crassocephalum macropappum, Guizotia abyssinica, G. scabra, Helichrysum citrispinum, Mikaniopsis clematoides, Vernonia amygdalina''), '''Boraginaceae''' (''Cordia africana''), '''Cactaceae''' (''Opuntia ficus-indica''), '''Campanulaceae''' (''Lobelia rhynchopetalum''), '''Combretaceae''' (''Combretum molle, Terminalia brownii''), '''Ericaceae''' (''Erica arborea, E. trimera''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Croton macrostachyus, Euphorbium candelabrum''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia spp., Acacia albia, A. brevispica, A. pentagona, A. senegal, A. seyal, A. sieberiana, A. tortilis, Albizia spp., Dichtrostachys cinera, Piliostigma thonningii, Trifolium spp.''), '''Hypericaceae''' (''Hypericum revolutum''), '''Lamiaceae''' (''Becium grandiflorum, Satureja punctata''), '''Leguminosae''' (''Cassia arereh''), '''Malvaceae''' (''Grewia mollis, G. villosa''), '''Moraceae''' (''Ficus sur''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Eucalyptus globulus''), '''Oleaceae''' (''Olea Africana''), '''Poaceae''' (''Andropogon abyssinicus''), '''Rhamnaceae''' (''Berchemia discolor, Ziziphus pubescens''), '''Rosaceae''' (''Hagenia abyssinica''), '''Rubiaceae''' (''Coffea arabica''), '''Sapotaceae''' (''Aningeria adolfi-friederici, Mimusops laurifolia'') and '''Ulmaceae''' (''Celtis africana, C. toka''). <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center. Ethiopia.</ref><ref>El Mahi, A. G., & Magid, T. D. A., (2014). The Potential of ''Acacia seyal'' as a Resourceful Tree for Gum Arabic in Sudan. Gum Arabic Board (Sudan). Khartoum.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Haftom, G., Zelealem, T., Girmay, M., & Awet, E. (2013). Seasonal honeybee forage availability, swarming, absconding and honey harvesting in Debrekidan and Begasheka Watersheds of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(4). HTML-Version.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that there may be more plant families relevant for honey bees.


Line 9:		Line 9:


−	'''Indonesia:''' In general, almost '''no literature''' exists on important melliferous plants in Indonesia. Furthermore, there is no information about important floral species for ''Apis mellifera''. However, due to the similar morphology and nutritional ecology of ''A. mellifera'' and ''A. cerana'', it can be assumed, that floral species, important for ''A. cerana'', also act as potential melliferous plant species for ''A. mellifera'': '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia coromandeliana''), '''Anacardiaceae''' (''Mangifera indica, Mangifera spp.''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Areca catechu, Arenga pinnata, Caryota mitis, Cocos nucifera''), '''Asteraceae''' (''Bidens pilosa, Clibadium surinamensis, Eupatorium inulifolium, E. odoratum, Galinsoga parviflora, Tithonia diversifolia, Mikania micrantha, Spilanthes iabadicensis, S. paniculata''), '''Bombacaceae''' (''Durio zibethinus''), '''Brassicaceae''' (''Brassica rapa, Brassica sp., Rorippa indica''), '''Caricaceae''' (''Carica papaya''), '''Cucurbitaceae''' (''Momordica charantia, Cucumis sativus, Sechium edule''), '''Cyperaceae''' (''Cyperus kyllingia''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Aleurites moluccana, Homalanthus pupulneus''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium, A. crassicarpa, Leucaena glauca, Mimosa invisa, M. pigra, M. pudica, Pithecellobium lobatum, Parkia speciosa''), '''Graminae''' (''Oryza sativa, Zea mays''), '''Lauraceae''' (''Cinnamomum burmanii, Persea americana''), Loranthaceae (''Loranthus europaeus''), '''Lythraceae''' (''Cuphea spp.''), '''Meliaceae''' (''Melia azedarach, Toona sureni''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Psidium guajava'') and '''Verbenaceae''' (''Tectona grandis''). <ref>Jasmi (2017). Diversity and blooming season of food sources plant of ''Apis cerana'' (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in polyculture plantation in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(1), 34-40.</ref> <ref>Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah Apis cerana Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>	+	'''Indonesia:''' In general, almost '''no literature''' exists on important melliferous plants in Indonesia. Furthermore, there is no information about important floral species for ''Apis mellifera''. However, due to the similar morphology and nutritional ecology of ''A. mellifera'' and ''A. cerana'', it can be assumed, that floral species, important for ''A. cerana'', also act as potential melliferous plant species for ''A. mellifera'': '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia coromandeliana''), '''Anacardiaceae''' (''Mangifera indica, Mangifera spp.''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Areca catechu, Arenga pinnata, Caryota mitis, Cocos nucifera''), '''Asteraceae''' (''Bidens pilosa, Clibadium surinamensis, Eupatorium inulifolium, E. odoratum, Galinsoga parviflora, Tithonia diversifolia, Mikania micrantha, Spilanthes iabadicensis, S. paniculata''), '''Bombacaceae''' (''Durio zibethinus''), '''Brassicaceae''' (''Brassica rapa, Brassica sp., Rorippa indica''), '''Caricaceae''' (''Carica papaya''), '''Cucurbitaceae''' (''Momordica charantia, Cucumis sativus, Sechium edule''), '''Cyperaceae''' (''Cyperus kyllingia''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Aleurites moluccana, Homalanthus pupulneus''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium, A. crassicarpa, Calliandra spp., Leucaena glauca, Mimosa invisa, M. pigra, M. pudica, Pithecellobium lobatum, Parkia speciosa''), '''Graminae''' (''Oryza sativa, Zea mays''), '''Lauraceae''' (''Cinnamomum burmanii, Persea americana''), Loranthaceae (''Loranthus europaeus''), '''Lythraceae''' (''Cuphea spp.''), '''Meliaceae''' (''Melia azedarach, Toona sureni''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Psidium guajava'') and '''Verbenaceae''' (''Tectona grandis''). <ref>Jasmi (2017). Diversity and blooming season of food sources plant of ''Apis cerana'' (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in polyculture plantation in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(1), 34-40.</ref> <ref>Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah Apis cerana Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:43, 31 July 2019
Line 3:		Line 3:


−	'''Ethiopia:''' There are several important melliferous plant species within following botanical families: '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia gangetica, Hypoestes forskaolii, Justicia bizuneshiae''), '''Agavaceae''' (''Agave sisalana''), '''Aloaceae''' (''Aloe spp.''), '''Anacaridaceae''' (''Ozoroa insignis''), '''Araliaceae''' (''Schefflera abyssinica''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Borassus aethiopum, Phoenix reclinata''), Asteraceae (''Bidens macroptera, B. pachyloma, Carduus camaecephalus, Carthamus tinctorius, Crassocephalum macropappum, Guizotia abyssinica, G. scabra, Helichrysum citrispinum, Mikaniopsis clematoides, Vernonia amygdalina''), '''Boraginaceae''' (''Cordia africana''), '''Cactaceae''' (''Opuntia ficus-indica''), '''Campanulaceae''' (''Lobelia rhynchopetalum''), '''Combretaceae''' (''Combretum molle, Terminalia brownii''), '''Ericaceae''' (''Erica arborea, E. trimera''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Croton macrostachyus, Euphorbium candelabrum''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia spp., Acacia albia, A. brevispica, A. pentagona, A. senegal, A. seyal, A. sieberiana, A. tortilis, Albizia spp., Dichtrostachys cinera, Piliostigma thonningii, Trifolium spp.''), '''Hypericaceae''' (''Hypericum revolutum''), '''Lamiaceae''' (''Becium grandiflorum, Satureja punctata''), '''Leguminosae''' (''Cassia arereh''), '''Malvaceae''' (''Grewia mollis, G. villosa''), '''Moraceae''' (''Ficus sur''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Eucalyptus globulus''), '''Oleaceae''' (''Olea Africana''), '''Poaceae''' (''Andropogon abyssinicus''), '''Rhamnaceae''' (''Berchemia discolor, Ziziphus pubescens''), '''Rosaceae''' (''Hagenia abyssinica''), '''Rubiaceae''' (''Coffea arabica''), '''Sapotaceae''' (''Aningeria adolfi-friederici, Mimusops laurifolia'') and '''Ulmaceae''' (''Celtis africana, C. toka''). <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center. Ethiopia.</ref><ref>El Mahi, A. G., & Magid, T. D. A., (2014). The Potential of ''Acacia seyal'' as a Resourceful Tree for Gum Arabic in Sudan. Gum Arabic Board (Sudan). Khartoum.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Haftom, G., Zelealem, T., Girmay, M., & Awet, E. (2013). Seasonal honeybee forage availability, swarming, absconding and honey harvesting in Debrekidan and Begasheka Watersheds of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(4). HTML-Version.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that there may be more plant families relevant for honey bees.	+	'''Ethiopia:''' There are several important melliferous plant species within following botanical families: '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia gangetica, Hypoestes forskaolii, Justicia bizuneshiae''), '''Agavaceae''' (''Agave sisalana''), '''Aloaceae''' (''Aloe spp.''), '''Anacaridaceae''' (''Ozoroa insignis''), '''Araliaceae''' (''Schefflera abyssinica''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Borassus aethiopum, Phoenix reclinata''), Asteraceae (''Bidens macroptera, B. pachyloma, Carduus camaecephalus, Carthamus tinctorius, Crassocephalum macropappum, Guizotia abyssinica, G. scabra, Helichrysum citrispinum, Mikaniopsis clematoides, Vernonia amygdalina''), '''Boraginaceae''' (''Cordia africana''), '''Cactaceae''' (''Opuntia ficus-indica''), '''Campanulaceae''' (''Lobelia rhynchopetalum''), '''Combretaceae''' (''Combretum molle, Terminalia brownii''), '''Ericaceae''' (''Erica arborea, E. trimera''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Croton macrostachyus, Euphorbium candelabrum''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia spp., Acacia albia, A. brevispica, A. pentagona, A. senegal, A. seyal, A. sieberiana, A. tortilis, Albizia spp., Calliandra spp., Dichtrostachys cinera, Piliostigma thonningii, Trifolium spp.''), '''Hypericaceae''' (''Hypericum revolutum''), '''Lamiaceae''' (''Becium grandiflorum, Satureja punctata''), '''Leguminosae''' (''Cassia arereh''), '''Malvaceae''' (''Grewia mollis, G. villosa''), '''Moraceae''' (''Ficus sur''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Eucalyptus globulus''), '''Oleaceae''' (''Olea Africana''), '''Poaceae''' (''Andropogon abyssinicus''), '''Rhamnaceae''' (''Berchemia discolor, Ziziphus pubescens''), '''Rosaceae''' (''Hagenia abyssinica''), '''Rubiaceae''' (''Coffea arabica''), '''Sapotaceae''' (''Aningeria adolfi-friederici, Mimusops laurifolia'') and '''Ulmaceae''' (''Celtis africana, C. toka''). <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center. Ethiopia.</ref><ref>El Mahi, A. G., & Magid, T. D. A., (2014). The Potential of ''Acacia seyal'' as a Resourceful Tree for Gum Arabic in Sudan. Gum Arabic Board (Sudan). Khartoum.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Haftom, G., Zelealem, T., Girmay, M., & Awet, E. (2013). Seasonal honeybee forage availability, swarming, absconding and honey harvesting in Debrekidan and Begasheka Watersheds of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(4). HTML-Version.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that there may be more plant families relevant for honey bees.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:35, 10 December 2018
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−	There is '''cryptic information''' on major harvesting seasons in Indonesia, but according to an informal survey, conducted by the Universitas Padjadjaran (2018), the most important harvesting season in '''West Java''' takes place from '''January''' to '''May''', while it is also common to harvest minor amounts of honey during the whole year, if there is personal need. Shouten et al. (in press) observed that beekeepers within the study area (Nusa Penida, Bali and Java ) harvested honey on average eight times a year. <ref>Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd, H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia.</ref> Hadisoesilo (2002) mentioned two honey seasons in Sulawesi: one from September to December and one from February to April. It has to be mentioned, that from the article it was not clear, if those seasons are only related to honey obtaining from ''A. dorsata'', or to ''Apis'' species in general. <ref>Hadisoesilo, S. (2002). Tingku - A traditional management technique. Bees for Development Journal, 64, 4-5.</ref>	+	There is '''cryptic information''' on major harvesting seasons in Indonesia, but according to an informal survey, conducted by the Universitas Padjadjaran (2018), the most important harvesting season in '''West Java''' takes place from '''January''' to '''May''', while it is also common to harvest minor amounts of honey during the whole year, if there is personal need. Shouten et al. (in press) observed that beekeepers within the study area (Nusa Penida, Bali and Java ) harvested honey on average eight times a year. <ref>Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd, H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia. (status: 10.11.2018)</ref> Hadisoesilo (2002) mentioned two honey seasons in Sulawesi: one from September to December and one from February to April. It has to be mentioned, that from the article it was not clear, if those seasons are only related to honey obtaining from ''A. dorsata'', or to ''Apis'' species in general. <ref>Hadisoesilo, S. (2002). Tingku - A traditional management technique. Bees for Development Journal, 64, 4-5.</ref>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The classification of a plant species as "important" honey bee plant often depends on different opinions of surveyed beekeepers, due to different criteria selecting and recognizing them (nectar flow, pollen amount, flowering period, quality, frequency of honey bee visits, ...).
+The classification of a plant species as "important" '''[[Number of melliferous plants and important literature|honey bee plant]]''' often depends on different opinions of surveyed beekeepers, due to different criteria selecting and recognizing them (nectar flow, pollen amount, flowering period, quality, frequency of honey bee visits, ...).
 ----
 '''Ethiopia:''' There are several important melliferous plant species within following botanical families: '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia gangetica, Hypoestes forskaolii, Justicia bizuneshiae''), '''Agavaceae''' (''Agave sisalana''), '''Aloaceae''' (''Aloe spp.''), '''Anacaridaceae''' (''Ozoroa insignis''), '''Araliaceae''' (''Schefflera abyssinica''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Borassus aethiopum, Phoenix reclinata''), Asteraceae (''Bidens macroptera, B. pachyloma, Carduus camaecephalus, Carthamus tinctorius, Crassocephalum macropappum, Guizotia abyssinica, G. scabra, Helichrysum citrispinum, Mikaniopsis clematoides, Vernonia amygdalina''), '''Boraginaceae''' (''Cordia africana''), '''Cactaceae''' (''Opuntia ficus-indica''), '''Campanulaceae''' (''Lobelia rhynchopetalum''), '''Combretaceae''' (''Combretum molle, Terminalia brownii''), '''Ericaceae''' (''Erica arborea, E. trimera''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Croton macrostachyus, Euphorbium candelabrum''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia spp., Acacia albia, A. brevispica, A. pentagona, A. senegal, A. seyal, A. sieberiana, A. tortilis, Albizia spp., Dichtrostachys cinera, Piliostigma thonningii, Trifolium spp.''), '''Hypericaceae''' (''Hypericum revolutum''), '''Lamiaceae''' (''Becium grandiflorum, Satureja punctata''),  '''Leguminosae''' (''Cassia arereh''),  '''Malvaceae''' (''Grewia mollis, G. villosa''), '''Moraceae''' (''Ficus sur''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Eucalyptus globulus''), '''Oleaceae''' (''Olea Africana''), '''Poaceae''' (''Andropogon abyssinicus''), '''Rhamnaceae''' (''Berchemia discolor, Ziziphus pubescens''), '''Rosaceae''' (''Hagenia abyssinica''), '''Rubiaceae''' (''Coffea arabica''), '''Sapotaceae''' (''Aningeria adolfi-friederici, Mimusops laurifolia'') and '''Ulmaceae''' (''Celtis africana, C. toka''). <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center. Ethiopia.</ref><ref>El Mahi, A. G., & Magid, T. D. A., (2014). The Potential of ''Acacia seyal'' as a Resourceful Tree for Gum Arabic in Sudan. Gum Arabic Board (Sudan). Khartoum.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Haftom, G., Zelealem, T., Girmay, M., & Awet, E. (2013). Seasonal honeybee forage availability, swarming, absconding and honey harvesting in Debrekidan and Begasheka Watersheds of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(4). HTML-Version.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that there may be more plant families relevant for honey bees.
 The literature is not consistent when it comes to major '''honey harvesting seasons'''. While Gemechis (2016) claims, that there are two seasons of honey harvesting: '''October - November''' and '''April - June''' (before and after rainy season) <ref>Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.</ref>, Gidey et al. (2012) distinguish between honey harvesting periods in the '''lowlands''' and '''midlands''' ('''November - December''') and in the '''highlands''' ('''April - June'''). <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> In general it can be said, that the best time for honey harvesting depends on the particular regions, due to the various '''[[climate]]''' zones in Ethiopia ("mini" harvesting seasons): e. g. in south-western Ethiopia there is a major harvesting season from April - June, and a minor one from November - January. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref>
-'''Indonesia:''' In general, almost '''no literature''' exists on important melliferous plants in Indonesia. Furthermore, there is no information about important floral species for ''Apis mellifera''. However, due to the similar morphology and nutritional ecology of ''A. mellifera'' and ''A. cerana'', it can be assumed, that floral species, important for ''A. cerana'', also act as potential melliferous plant species for ''A. mellifera'': '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia coromandeliana''), '''Anacardiaceae''' (''Mangifera indica, Mangifera spp.''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Areca catechu, Arenga pinnata, Caryota mitis, Cocos nucifera''), '''Asteraceae''' (''Bidens pilosa, Clibadium surinamensis, Eupatorium inulifolium, E. odoratum, Galinsoga parviflora, Tithonia diversifolia, Mikania micrantha, Spilanthes iabadicensis, S. paniculata''), '''Bombacaceae''' (''Durio zibethinus''), '''Brassicaceae''' (''Brassica rapa, Brassica sp., Rorippa indica''), '''Caricaceae''' (''Carica papaya''), '''Cucurbitaceae''' (''Momordica charantia, Cucumis sativus, Sechium edule''), '''Cyperaceae''' (''Cyperus kyllingia''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Aleurites moluccana, Homalanthus pupulneus''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium, A. crassicarpa, Leucaena glauca, Mimosa invisa, M. pigra, M. pudica, Pithecellobium lobatum, Parkia speciosa''), '''Graminae''' (''Oryza sativa, Zea mays''), '''Lauraceae''' (''Cinnamomum burmanii, Persea americana''), Loranthaceae (''Loranthus europaeus''), '''Lythraceae''' (''Cuphea spp.''), '''Meliaceae''' (''Melia azedarach, Toona sureni''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Psidium guajava'') and '''Verbenaceae''' (''Tectona grandis''). <ref>Jasmi (2017). Diversity and blooming season of food sources plant of ''Apis cerana'' (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in polyculture plantation in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(1), 34-40.</ref> <ref>Pribadi, A. (2016). Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah Apis cerana Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>
+'''Indonesia:''' In general, almost '''no literature''' exists on important melliferous plants in Indonesia. Furthermore, there is no information about important floral species for ''Apis mellifera''. However, due to the similar morphology and nutritional ecology of ''A. mellifera'' and ''A. cerana'', it can be assumed, that floral species, important for ''A. cerana'', also act as potential melliferous plant species for ''A. mellifera'': '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia coromandeliana''), '''Anacardiaceae''' (''Mangifera indica, Mangifera spp.''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Areca catechu, Arenga pinnata, Caryota mitis, Cocos nucifera''), '''Asteraceae''' (''Bidens pilosa, Clibadium surinamensis, Eupatorium inulifolium, E. odoratum, Galinsoga parviflora, Tithonia diversifolia, Mikania micrantha, Spilanthes iabadicensis, S. paniculata''), '''Bombacaceae''' (''Durio zibethinus''), '''Brassicaceae''' (''Brassica rapa, Brassica sp., Rorippa indica''), '''Caricaceae''' (''Carica papaya''), '''Cucurbitaceae''' (''Momordica charantia, Cucumis sativus, Sechium edule''), '''Cyperaceae''' (''Cyperus kyllingia''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Aleurites moluccana, Homalanthus pupulneus''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium, A. crassicarpa, Leucaena glauca, Mimosa invisa, M. pigra, M. pudica, Pithecellobium lobatum, Parkia speciosa''), '''Graminae''' (''Oryza sativa, Zea mays''), '''Lauraceae''' (''Cinnamomum burmanii, Persea americana''), Loranthaceae (''Loranthus europaeus''), '''Lythraceae''' (''Cuphea spp.''), '''Meliaceae''' (''Melia azedarach, Toona sureni''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Psidium guajava'') and '''Verbenaceae''' (''Tectona grandis''). <ref>Jasmi (2017). Diversity and blooming season of food sources plant of ''Apis cerana'' (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in polyculture plantation in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(1), 34-40.</ref> <ref>Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah Apis cerana Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>
-There is '''cryptic information''' on major harvesting seasons in Indonesia, but according to an informal survey, conducted by the Universitas Padjadjaran (2018), the most important harvesting season in '''West Java''' takes place from '''January''' to '''May''', while it is also common to harvest minor amounts of honey during the whole year, if there is personal need. Shouten et al. (in press) observed that beekeepers within the study area (Nusa Penida, Bali and Java ) harvested honey on average eight times a year. <ref>Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia.</ref> Hadisoesilo (2002) mentioned two honey seasons in Sulawesi: one from September to December and one from February to April. It has to be mentioned, that from the article it was not clear, if those seasons are only related to honey obtaining from ''A. dorsata'', or to ''Apis'' species in general. <ref>Hadisoesilo, S. (2002). Tingku - A traditional management technique. Bees for Development Journal, 64, 4-5.</ref>
+There is '''cryptic information''' on major harvesting seasons in Indonesia, but according to an informal survey, conducted by the Universitas Padjadjaran (2018), the most important harvesting season in '''West Java''' takes place from '''January''' to '''May''', while it is also common to harvest minor amounts of honey during the whole year, if there is personal need. Shouten et al. (in press) observed that beekeepers within the study area (Nusa Penida, Bali and Java ) harvested honey on average eight times a year. <ref>Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd, H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia.</ref> Hadisoesilo (2002) mentioned two honey seasons in Sulawesi: one from September to December and one from February to April. It has to be mentioned, that from the article it was not clear, if those seasons are only related to honey obtaining from ''A. dorsata'', or to ''Apis'' species in general. <ref>Hadisoesilo, S. (2002). Tingku - A traditional management technique. Bees for Development Journal, 64, 4-5.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:37, 28 November 2018
Line 3:		Line 3:


−	'''Ethiopia:''' There are several important melliferous plant species within following botanical families: '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia gangetica, Hypoestes forskaolii, Justicia bizuneshiae''), '''Agavaceae''' (''Agave sisalana''), '''Aloaceae''' (''Aloe spp.''), '''Anacaridaceae''' (''Ozoroa insignis''), '''Araliaceae''' (''Schefflera abyssinica''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Borassus aethiopum, Phoenix reclinata''), Asteraceae (''Bidens macroptera, B. pachyloma, Carduus camaecephalus, Carthamus tinctorius, Crassocephalum macropappum, Guizotia abyssinica, G. scabra, Helichrysum citrispinum, Mikaniopsis clematoides, Vernonia amygdalina''), '''Boraginaceae''' (''Cordia africana''), '''Cactaceae''' (''Opuntia ficus-indica''), '''Campanulaceae''' (''Lobelia rhynchopetalum''), '''Combretaceae''' (''Combretum molle, Terminalia brownii''), '''Ericaceae''' (''Erica arborea, E. trimera''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Croton macrostachyus, Euphorbium candelabrum''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia spp., Acacia albia, A. brevispica, A. pentagona, A. senegal, A. seyal, A. sieberiana, A. tortilis, Albizia spp., Dichtrostachys cinera, Piliostigma thonningii, Trifolium spp.''), '''Hypericaceae''' (''Hypericum revolutum''), '''Lamiaceae''' (''Becium grandiflorum, Satureja punctata''), '''Leguminosae''' (''Cassia arereh''), '''Malvaceae''' (''Grewia mollis, G. villosa''), '''Moraceae''' (''Ficus sur''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Eucalyptus globulus''), '''Oleaceae''' (''Olea Africana''), '''Poaceae''' (''Andropogon abyssinicus''), '''Rhamnaceae''' (''Berchemia discolor, Ziziphus pubescens''), '''Rosaceae''' (''Hagenia abyssinica''), '''Rubiaceae''' (''Coffea arabica''), '''Sapotaceae''' (''Aningeria adolfi-friederici, Mimusops laurifolia'') and '''Ulmaceae''' (''Celtis africana, C. toka''). <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center. Ethiopia.</ref><ref>El Mahi, A. G., & Magid, T. D. A., (2014). The Potential of ''Acacia seyal'' as a Resourceful Tree for Gum Arabic in Sudan. Gum Arabic Board (Sudan). Khartoum.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Haftom, G., Zelealem, T., Girmay, M., & Awet, E. (2013). Seasonal honeybee forage availability, swarming, absconding and honey harvesting in Debrekidan and Begasheka Watersheds of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(4). HTML-Version.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that there may be more plant families relevant for honey bees.	+	'''Ethiopia:''' There are several important melliferous plant species within following botanical families: '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia gangetica, Hypoestes forskaolii, Justicia bizuneshiae''), '''Agavaceae''' (''Agave sisalana''), '''Aloaceae''' (''Aloe spp.''), '''Anacaridaceae''' (''Ozoroa insignis''), '''Araliaceae''' (''Schefflera abyssinica''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Borassus aethiopum, Phoenix reclinata''), Asteraceae (''Bidens macroptera, B. pachyloma, Carduus camaecephalus, Carthamus tinctorius, Crassocephalum macropappum, Guizotia abyssinica, G. scabra, Helichrysum citrispinum, Mikaniopsis clematoides, Vernonia amygdalina''), '''Boraginaceae''' (''Cordia africana''), '''Cactaceae''' (''Opuntia ficus-indica''), '''Campanulaceae''' (''Lobelia rhynchopetalum''), '''Combretaceae''' (''Combretum molle, Terminalia brownii''), '''Ericaceae''' (''Erica arborea, E. trimera''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Croton macrostachyus, Euphorbium candelabrum''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia spp., Acacia albia, A. brevispica, A. pentagona, A. senegal, A. seyal, A. sieberiana, A. tortilis, Albizia spp., Dichtrostachys cinera, Piliostigma thonningii, Trifolium spp.''), '''Hypericaceae''' (''Hypericum revolutum''), '''Lamiaceae''' (''Becium grandiflorum, Satureja punctata''), '''Leguminosae''' (''Cassia arereh''), '''Malvaceae''' (''Grewia mollis, G. villosa''), '''Moraceae''' (''Ficus sur''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Eucalyptus globulus''), '''Oleaceae''' (''Olea Africana''), '''Poaceae''' (''Andropogon abyssinicus''), '''Rhamnaceae''' (''Berchemia discolor, Ziziphus pubescens''), '''Rosaceae''' (''Hagenia abyssinica''), '''Rubiaceae''' (''Coffea arabica''), '''Sapotaceae''' (''Aningeria adolfi-friederici, Mimusops laurifolia'') and '''Ulmaceae''' (''Celtis africana, C. toka''). <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center. Ethiopia.</ref><ref>El Mahi, A. G., & Magid, T. D. A., (2014). The Potential of ''Acacia seyal'' as a Resourceful Tree for Gum Arabic in Sudan. Gum Arabic Board (Sudan). Khartoum.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Haftom, G., Zelealem, T., Girmay, M., & Awet, E. (2013). Seasonal honeybee forage availability, swarming, absconding and honey harvesting in Debrekidan and Begasheka Watersheds of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(4). HTML-Version.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that there may be more plant families relevant for honey bees.

	The literature is not consistent when it comes to major '''honey harvesting seasons'''. While Gemechis (2016) claims, that there are two seasons of honey harvesting: '''October - November''' and '''April - June''' (before and after rainy season) <ref>Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.</ref>, Gidey et al. (2012) distinguish between honey harvesting periods in the '''lowlands''' and '''midlands''' ('''November - December''') and in the '''highlands''' ('''April - June'''). <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> In general it can be said, that the best time for honey harvesting depends on the particular regions, due to the various '''[[climate]]''' zones in Ethiopia ("mini" harvesting seasons): e. g. in south-western Ethiopia there is a major harvesting season from April - June, and a minor one from November - January. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref>		The literature is not consistent when it comes to major '''honey harvesting seasons'''. While Gemechis (2016) claims, that there are two seasons of honey harvesting: '''October - November''' and '''April - June''' (before and after rainy season) <ref>Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.</ref>, Gidey et al. (2012) distinguish between honey harvesting periods in the '''lowlands''' and '''midlands''' ('''November - December''') and in the '''highlands''' ('''April - June'''). <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> In general it can be said, that the best time for honey harvesting depends on the particular regions, due to the various '''[[climate]]''' zones in Ethiopia ("mini" harvesting seasons): e. g. in south-western Ethiopia there is a major harvesting season from April - June, and a minor one from November - January. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:23, 28 November 2018
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−	'''Indonesia:''' In general, almost '''no literature''' exists on important melliferous plants in Indonesia. Furthermore, there is no information about important floral species for ''Apis mellifera''. However, due to the similar morphology and nutritional ecology of ''A. mellifera'' and ''A. cerana'', it can be assumed, that floral species, important for ''A. cerana'', also act as potential melliferous plant species for ''A. mellifera'': '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia coromandeliana''), '''Anacardiaceae''' (''Mangifera indica, Mangifera spp.''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Areca catechu, Arenga pinnata, Caryota mitis, Cocos nucifera''), '''Asteraceae''' (''Bidens pilosa, Clibadium surinamensis, Eupatorium inulifolium, E. odoratum, Galinsoga parviflora, Tithonia diversifolia, Mikania micrantha, Spilanthes iabadicensis, S. paniculata''), '''Bombacaceae''' (''Durio zibethinus''), '''Brassicaceae''' (''Brassica rapa, Brassica sp., Rorippa indica''), '''Caricaceae''' (''Carica papaya''), '''Cucurbitaceae''' (''Momordica charantia, Cucumis sativus, Sechium edule''), '''Cyperaceae''' (''Cyperus kyllingia''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Aleurites moluccana, Homalanthus pupulneus''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium, A. crassicarpa, Leucaena glauca, Mimosa invisa, M. pigra, M. pudica, Pithecellobium lobatum, Parkia speciosa''), '''Graminae''' (''Oryza sativa, Zea mays''), '''Lauraceae''' (''Cinnamomum burmanii, Persea americana''), Loranthaceae (''Loranthus europaeus''), '''Lythraceae''' (''Cuphea spp.''), '''Meliaceae''' (''Melia azedarach, Toona sureni''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Psidium guajava'') and '''Verbenaceae''' (''Tectona grandis''). <ref>Jasmi (2017). Diversity and blooming season of food sources plant of ''Apis cerana'' (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in polyculture plantation in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(1), 34-40.</ref> <ref>Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah ''Apis cerana'' Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia ~~Mangium~~'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia ~~Crassicarpa~~''. Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>	+	'''Indonesia:''' In general, almost '''no literature''' exists on important melliferous plants in Indonesia. Furthermore, there is no information about important floral species for ''Apis mellifera''. However, due to the similar morphology and nutritional ecology of ''A. mellifera'' and ''A. cerana'', it can be assumed, that floral species, important for ''A. cerana'', also act as potential melliferous plant species for ''A. mellifera'': '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia coromandeliana''), '''Anacardiaceae''' (''Mangifera indica, Mangifera spp.''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Areca catechu, Arenga pinnata, Caryota mitis, Cocos nucifera''), '''Asteraceae''' (''Bidens pilosa, Clibadium surinamensis, Eupatorium inulifolium, E. odoratum, Galinsoga parviflora, Tithonia diversifolia, Mikania micrantha, Spilanthes iabadicensis, S. paniculata''), '''Bombacaceae''' (''Durio zibethinus''), '''Brassicaceae''' (''Brassica rapa, Brassica sp., Rorippa indica''), '''Caricaceae''' (''Carica papaya''), '''Cucurbitaceae''' (''Momordica charantia, Cucumis sativus, Sechium edule''), '''Cyperaceae''' (''Cyperus kyllingia''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Aleurites moluccana, Homalanthus pupulneus''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium, A. crassicarpa, Leucaena glauca, Mimosa invisa, M. pigra, M. pudica, Pithecellobium lobatum, Parkia speciosa''), '''Graminae''' (''Oryza sativa, Zea mays''), '''Lauraceae''' (''Cinnamomum burmanii, Persea americana''), Loranthaceae (''Loranthus europaeus''), '''Lythraceae''' (''Cuphea spp.''), '''Meliaceae''' (''Melia azedarach, Toona sureni''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Psidium guajava'') and '''Verbenaceae''' (''Tectona grandis''). <ref>Jasmi (2017). Diversity and blooming season of food sources plant of ''Apis cerana'' (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in polyculture plantation in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(1), 34-40.</ref> <ref>Pribadi, A. (2016). Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah Apis cerana Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>

	There is '''cryptic information''' on major harvesting seasons in Indonesia, but according to an informal survey, conducted by the Universitas Padjadjaran (2018), the most important harvesting season in '''West Java''' takes place from '''January''' to '''May''', while it is also common to harvest minor amounts of honey during the whole year, if there is personal need. Shouten et al. (in press) observed that beekeepers within the study area (Nusa Penida, Bali and Java ) harvested honey on average eight times a year. <ref>Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia.</ref> Hadisoesilo (2002) mentioned two honey seasons in Sulawesi: one from September to December and one from February to April. It has to be mentioned, that from the article it was not clear, if those seasons are only related to honey obtaining from ''A. dorsata'', or to ''Apis'' species in general. <ref>Hadisoesilo, S. (2002). Tingku - A traditional management technique. Bees for Development Journal, 64, 4-5.</ref>		There is '''cryptic information''' on major harvesting seasons in Indonesia, but according to an informal survey, conducted by the Universitas Padjadjaran (2018), the most important harvesting season in '''West Java''' takes place from '''January''' to '''May''', while it is also common to harvest minor amounts of honey during the whole year, if there is personal need. Shouten et al. (in press) observed that beekeepers within the study area (Nusa Penida, Bali and Java ) harvested honey on average eight times a year. <ref>Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia.</ref> Hadisoesilo (2002) mentioned two honey seasons in Sulawesi: one from September to December and one from February to April. It has to be mentioned, that from the article it was not clear, if those seasons are only related to honey obtaining from ''A. dorsata'', or to ''Apis'' species in general. <ref>Hadisoesilo, S. (2002). Tingku - A traditional management technique. Bees for Development Journal, 64, 4-5.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:28, 19 November 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' There are several important melliferous plant species within following botanical families: '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia gangetica, Hypoestes forskaolii, Justicia bizuneshiae''), '''Agavaceae''' (''Agave sisalana''), '''Aloaceae''' (''Aloe spp.''), '''Anacaridaceae''' (''Ozoroa insignis''), '''Araliaceae''' (''Schefflera abyssinica''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Borassus aethiopum, Phoenix reclinata''), Asteraceae (''Bidens macroptera, B. pachyloma, Carduus camaecephalus, Carthamus tinctorius, Crassocephalum macropappum, Guizotia abyssinica, G. scabra, Helichrysum citrispinum, Mikaniopsis clematoides, Vernonia amygdalina''), '''Boraginaceae''' (''Cordia africana''), '''Cactaceae''' (''Opuntia ficus-indica''), '''Campanulaceae''' (''Lobelia rhynchopetalum''), '''Combretaceae''' (''Combretum molle, Terminalia brownii''), '''Ericaceae''' (''Erica arborea, E. trimera''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Croton macrostachyus, Euphorbium candelabrum''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia spp., Acacia albia, A. brevispica, A. pentagona, A. senegal, A. seyal, A. sieberiana, A. tortilis, Albizia spp., Dichtrostachys cinera, Piliostigma thonningii, Trifolium spp.''), '''Hypericaceae''' (''Hypericum revolutum''), '''Lamiaceae''' (''Becium grandiflorum, Satureja punctata''), '''Leguminosae''' (''Cassia arereh''), '''Malvaceae''' (''Grewia mollis, G. villosa''), '''Moraceae''' (''Ficus sur''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Eucalyptus globulus''), '''Oleaceae''' (''Olea Africana''), '''Poaceae''' (''Andropogon abyssinicus''), '''Rhamnaceae''' (''Berchemia discolor, Ziziphus pubescens''), '''Rosaceae''' (''Hagenia abyssinica''), '''Rubiaceae''' (''Coffea arabica''), '''Sapotaceae''' (''Aningeria adolfi-friederici, Mimusops laurifolia'') and '''Ulmaceae''' (''Celtis africana, C. toka''). <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center. Ethiopia.</ref><ref>El Mahi, A. G., & Magid, T. D. A., (2014). The Potential of ''Acacia seyal'' as a Resourceful Tree for Gum Arabic in Sudan. Gum Arabic Board (Sudan). Khartoum.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. ~~https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1~~</ref> <ref>Haftom, G., Zelealem, T., Girmay, M., & Awet, E. (2013). Seasonal honeybee forage availability, swarming, absconding and honey harvesting in Debrekidan and Begasheka Watersheds of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(4). HTML-Version.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that there may be more plant families relevant for honey bees.	+	'''Ethiopia:''' There are several important melliferous plant species within following botanical families: '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia gangetica, Hypoestes forskaolii, Justicia bizuneshiae''), '''Agavaceae''' (''Agave sisalana''), '''Aloaceae''' (''Aloe spp.''), '''Anacaridaceae''' (''Ozoroa insignis''), '''Araliaceae''' (''Schefflera abyssinica''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Borassus aethiopum, Phoenix reclinata''), Asteraceae (''Bidens macroptera, B. pachyloma, Carduus camaecephalus, Carthamus tinctorius, Crassocephalum macropappum, Guizotia abyssinica, G. scabra, Helichrysum citrispinum, Mikaniopsis clematoides, Vernonia amygdalina''), '''Boraginaceae''' (''Cordia africana''), '''Cactaceae''' (''Opuntia ficus-indica''), '''Campanulaceae''' (''Lobelia rhynchopetalum''), '''Combretaceae''' (''Combretum molle, Terminalia brownii''), '''Ericaceae''' (''Erica arborea, E. trimera''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Croton macrostachyus, Euphorbium candelabrum''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia spp., Acacia albia, A. brevispica, A. pentagona, A. senegal, A. seyal, A. sieberiana, A. tortilis, Albizia spp., Dichtrostachys cinera, Piliostigma thonningii, Trifolium spp.''), '''Hypericaceae''' (''Hypericum revolutum''), '''Lamiaceae''' (''Becium grandiflorum, Satureja punctata''), '''Leguminosae''' (''Cassia arereh''), '''Malvaceae''' (''Grewia mollis, G. villosa''), '''Moraceae''' (''Ficus sur''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Eucalyptus globulus''), '''Oleaceae''' (''Olea Africana''), '''Poaceae''' (''Andropogon abyssinicus''), '''Rhamnaceae''' (''Berchemia discolor, Ziziphus pubescens''), '''Rosaceae''' (''Hagenia abyssinica''), '''Rubiaceae''' (''Coffea arabica''), '''Sapotaceae''' (''Aningeria adolfi-friederici, Mimusops laurifolia'') and '''Ulmaceae''' (''Celtis africana, C. toka''). <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K., & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center. Ethiopia.</ref><ref>El Mahi, A. G., & Magid, T. D. A., (2014). The Potential of ''Acacia seyal'' as a Resourceful Tree for Gum Arabic in Sudan. Gum Arabic Board (Sudan). Khartoum.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Haftom, G., Zelealem, T., Girmay, M., & Awet, E. (2013). Seasonal honeybee forage availability, swarming, absconding and honey harvesting in Debrekidan and Begasheka Watersheds of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(4). HTML-Version.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that there may be more plant families relevant for honey bees.

−	The literature is not consistent when it comes to major '''honey harvesting seasons'''. While Gemechis (2016) claims, that there are two seasons of honey harvesting: '''October - November''' and '''April - June''' (before and after rainy season) <ref>Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253. ~~https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2016.7.5.248.253~~</ref>, Gidey et al. (2012) distinguish between honey harvesting periods in the '''lowlands''' and '''midlands''' ('''November - December''') and in the '''highlands''' ('''April - June'''). <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5. ~~https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.1071~~</ref> In general it can be said, that the best time for honey harvesting depends on the particular regions, due to the various '''[[climate]]''' zones in Ethiopia ("mini" harvesting seasons): e. g. in south-western Ethiopia there is a major harvesting season from April - June, and a minor one from November - January. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. ~~https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088~~</ref>	+	The literature is not consistent when it comes to major '''honey harvesting seasons'''. While Gemechis (2016) claims, that there are two seasons of honey harvesting: '''October - November''' and '''April - June''' (before and after rainy season) <ref>Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.</ref>, Gidey et al. (2012) distinguish between honey harvesting periods in the '''lowlands''' and '''midlands''' ('''November - December''') and in the '''highlands''' ('''April - June'''). <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> In general it can be said, that the best time for honey harvesting depends on the particular regions, due to the various '''[[climate]]''' zones in Ethiopia ("mini" harvesting seasons): e. g. in south-western Ethiopia there is a major harvesting season from April - June, and a minor one from November - January. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:53, 12 November 2018
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	'''Indonesia:''' In general, almost '''no literature''' exists on important melliferous plants in Indonesia. Furthermore, there is no information about important floral species for ''Apis mellifera''. However, due to the similar morphology and nutritional ecology of ''A. mellifera'' and ''A. cerana'', it can be assumed, that floral species, important for ''A. cerana'', also act as potential melliferous plant species for ''A. mellifera'': '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia coromandeliana''), '''Anacardiaceae''' (''Mangifera indica, Mangifera spp.''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Areca catechu, Arenga pinnata, Caryota mitis, Cocos nucifera''), '''Asteraceae''' (''Bidens pilosa, Clibadium surinamensis, Eupatorium inulifolium, E. odoratum, Galinsoga parviflora, Tithonia diversifolia, Mikania micrantha, Spilanthes iabadicensis, S. paniculata''), '''Bombacaceae''' (''Durio zibethinus''), '''Brassicaceae''' (''Brassica rapa, Brassica sp., Rorippa indica''), '''Caricaceae''' (''Carica papaya''), '''Cucurbitaceae''' (''Momordica charantia, Cucumis sativus, Sechium edule''), '''Cyperaceae''' (''Cyperus kyllingia''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Aleurites moluccana, Homalanthus pupulneus''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium, A. crassicarpa, Leucaena glauca, Mimosa invisa, M. pigra, M. pudica, Pithecellobium lobatum, Parkia speciosa''), '''Graminae''' (''Oryza sativa, Zea mays''), '''Lauraceae''' (''Cinnamomum burmanii, Persea americana''), Loranthaceae (''Loranthus europaeus''), '''Lythraceae''' (''Cuphea spp.''), '''Meliaceae''' (''Melia azedarach, Toona sureni''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Psidium guajava'') and '''Verbenaceae''' (''Tectona grandis''). <ref>Jasmi (2017). Diversity and blooming season of food sources plant of ''Apis cerana'' (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in polyculture plantation in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(1), 34-40.</ref> <ref>Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah ''Apis cerana'' Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia Mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia Crassicarpa''. Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>		'''Indonesia:''' In general, almost '''no literature''' exists on important melliferous plants in Indonesia. Furthermore, there is no information about important floral species for ''Apis mellifera''. However, due to the similar morphology and nutritional ecology of ''A. mellifera'' and ''A. cerana'', it can be assumed, that floral species, important for ''A. cerana'', also act as potential melliferous plant species for ''A. mellifera'': '''Acanthaceae''' (''Asystasia coromandeliana''), '''Anacardiaceae''' (''Mangifera indica, Mangifera spp.''), '''Arecaceae''' (''Areca catechu, Arenga pinnata, Caryota mitis, Cocos nucifera''), '''Asteraceae''' (''Bidens pilosa, Clibadium surinamensis, Eupatorium inulifolium, E. odoratum, Galinsoga parviflora, Tithonia diversifolia, Mikania micrantha, Spilanthes iabadicensis, S. paniculata''), '''Bombacaceae''' (''Durio zibethinus''), '''Brassicaceae''' (''Brassica rapa, Brassica sp., Rorippa indica''), '''Caricaceae''' (''Carica papaya''), '''Cucurbitaceae''' (''Momordica charantia, Cucumis sativus, Sechium edule''), '''Cyperaceae''' (''Cyperus kyllingia''), '''Euphorbiaceae''' (''Aleurites moluccana, Homalanthus pupulneus''), '''Fabaceae''' (''Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium, A. crassicarpa, Leucaena glauca, Mimosa invisa, M. pigra, M. pudica, Pithecellobium lobatum, Parkia speciosa''), '''Graminae''' (''Oryza sativa, Zea mays''), '''Lauraceae''' (''Cinnamomum burmanii, Persea americana''), Loranthaceae (''Loranthus europaeus''), '''Lythraceae''' (''Cuphea spp.''), '''Meliaceae''' (''Melia azedarach, Toona sureni''), '''Myrtaceae''' (''Psidium guajava'') and '''Verbenaceae''' (''Tectona grandis''). <ref>Jasmi (2017). Diversity and blooming season of food sources plant of ''Apis cerana'' (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in polyculture plantation in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(1), 34-40.</ref> <ref>Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah ''Apis cerana'' Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia Mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia Crassicarpa''. Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>

−	There is '''cryptic information''' on major harvesting seasons in Indonesia, but according to an informal survey, conducted by the Universitas Padjadjaran (2018), the most important harvesting season in '''West Java''' takes place from '''January''' to '''May''', while it is also common to harvest minor amounts of honey during the whole year, if there is personal need. Shouten et al. (in press) observed that beekeepers within the study area (Nusa Penida, Bali and Java ) harvested honey on average eight times a year. <ref>Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (Apis cerana javana Fabr) in Indonesia.</ref> Hadisoesilo (2002) mentioned two honey seasons in Sulawesi: one from September to December and one from February to April. It has to be mentioned, that from the article it was not clear, if those seasons are only related to honey obtaining from ''A. dorsata'', or to ''Apis'' species in general. <ref>Hadisoesilo, S. (2002). Tingku - A traditional management technique. Bees for Development Journal, 64, 4-5.</ref>	+	There is '''cryptic information''' on major harvesting seasons in Indonesia, but according to an informal survey, conducted by the Universitas Padjadjaran (2018), the most important harvesting season in '''West Java''' takes place from '''January''' to '''May''', while it is also common to harvest minor amounts of honey during the whole year, if there is personal need. Shouten et al. (in press) observed that beekeepers within the study area (Nusa Penida, Bali and Java ) harvested honey on average eight times a year. <ref>Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana javana'' Fabr) in Indonesia.</ref> Hadisoesilo (2002) mentioned two honey seasons in Sulawesi: one from September to December and one from February to April. It has to be mentioned, that from the article it was not clear, if those seasons are only related to honey obtaining from ''A. dorsata'', or to ''Apis'' species in general. <ref>Hadisoesilo, S. (2002). Tingku - A traditional management technique. Bees for Development Journal, 64, 4-5.</ref>