Nosema - Revision history

KristinaG at 14:43, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T14:43:43Z

KristinaG at 08:52, 28 November 2018

2018-11-28T08:52:46Z

KristinaG at 14:55, 19 November 2018

2018-11-19T14:55:09Z

KristinaG at 14:07, 19 November 2018

2018-11-19T14:07:21Z

KristinaG at 08:43, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T08:43:38Z

KristinaG at 09:13, 12 June 2018

2018-06-12T09:13:39Z

KristinaG at 13:33, 30 May 2018

2018-05-30T13:33:30Z

KristinaG at 13:32, 30 May 2018

2018-05-30T13:32:02Z

KristinaG at 12:43, 16 May 2018

2018-05-16T12:43:28Z

KristinaG at 12:10, 8 May 2018

2018-05-08T12:10:00Z

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''''Nosema spp.''''' (Dissociodihaplophasida; Nosematidae) is known to be a parasitic  microsporidian and the causative agent of '''nosemosis'''. <ref name="Morse 1997">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> The infectious non-germinated spore of the pathogen is transmitted through the oral-faecal route of adult bees, or through mating. The most popular treatment in many countries is "fumagillin". While ''N. apis'' has a relatively wide distribution with a prevalence for colder climate, ''N. ceranae'' is mostly prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropics. <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.</ref> Nothing is known about the presence of ''N. ceranae'' in Ethiopia.
+'''''Nosema spp.''''' (Dissociodihaplophasida; Nosematidae) is known to be a parasitic  microsporidian and the causative agent of '''nosemosis'''. <ref name="Morse 1997">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> The infectious non-germinated spore of the pathogen is transmitted through the oral-faecal route of adult bees, or through mating. The most popular treatment in many countries is "fumagillin". While ''N. apis'' has a relatively wide distribution with a prevalence for colder climate, ''N. ceranae'' is mostly prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropics. <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.</ref>
 ----
-'''Ethiopia:''' ''Nosema'' existence in Ethiopia has been reported for the first time in 1989 by the Holeta Bee Research Center (HBRC), Holeta. In a study by Desalegn and Amssalu (2015) over 200 honey bee colonies from all over Ethiopia were analysed and 37% were tested positive for ''N. apis''. They further investigated the severity of an infestation and concluded, that this disease is considered to be a negligible risk for Ethiopian honey bee colonies. <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/> <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-96. </ref><ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' ''Nosema'' existence in Ethiopia has been reported for the first time in 1989 by the Holeta Bee Research Center (HBRC), Holeta. In a study by Desalegn and Amssalu (2015) over 200 honey bee colonies from all over Ethiopia were analysed and 37% were tested positive for ''N. apis''. They further investigated the severity of an infestation and concluded, that this disease is considered to be a negligible risk for Ethiopian honey bee colonies. <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/> <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-96. </ref><ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.</ref> Nothing is known about the presence of ''N. ceranae'' in Ethiopia.
 '''Indonesia:''' ''N. ceranae'' is present but there is a lack of data regarding the dangerousness and treating methods of the pathogen, indicating that ''Nosema'' to our current knowledge represents a negligible risk in Indonesia. <ref name="Ellis 2005"/> <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for ''Nosema ceranae'' (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113.</ref>  <ref>Wilson, W. T., & Nunamaker, R. A. (1983). The Incidence of ''Nosema apis'' in Honeybees in Mexico. Bee World, 64(3), 132–136.</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:52, 28 November 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' ''Nosema'' existence in Ethiopia has been reported for the first time in 1989 by the Holeta Bee Research Center (HBRC), Holeta. In a study by Desalegn and Amssalu (2015) over 200 honey bee colonies from all over Ethiopia were analysed and 37% were tested positive for ''N. apis''. They further investigated the severity of an infestation and concluded, that this disease is considered to be a negligible risk for Ethiopian honey bee colonies. <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/> <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-~~096~~. </ref><ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' ''Nosema'' existence in Ethiopia has been reported for the first time in 1989 by the Holeta Bee Research Center (HBRC), Holeta. In a study by Desalegn and Amssalu (2015) over 200 honey bee colonies from all over Ethiopia were analysed and 37% were tested positive for ''N. apis''. They further investigated the severity of an infestation and concluded, that this disease is considered to be a negligible risk for Ethiopian honey bee colonies. <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/> <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-96. </ref><ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.</ref>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''''Nosema spp.''''' (Dissociodihaplophasida; Nosematidae) is known to be a parasitic  microsporidian and the causative agent of '''nosemosis'''. <ref name="Morse 1997">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> The infectious non-germinated spore of the pathogen is transmitted through the oral-faecal route of adult bees, or through mating. The most popular treatment in many countries is "fumagillin". While ''N. apis'' has a relatively wide distribution with a prevalence for colder climate, ''N. ceranae'' is mostly prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropics. <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0313</ref> Nothing is known about the presence of ''N. ceranae'' in Ethiopia.
+'''''Nosema spp.''''' (Dissociodihaplophasida; Nosematidae) is known to be a parasitic  microsporidian and the causative agent of '''nosemosis'''. <ref name="Morse 1997">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> The infectious non-germinated spore of the pathogen is transmitted through the oral-faecal route of adult bees, or through mating. The most popular treatment in many countries is "fumagillin". While ''N. apis'' has a relatively wide distribution with a prevalence for colder climate, ''N. ceranae'' is mostly prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropics. <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.</ref> Nothing is known about the presence of ''N. ceranae'' in Ethiopia.
 ----
-'''Ethiopia:''' ''Nosema'' existence in Ethiopia has been reported for the first time in 1989 by the Holeta Bee Research Center (HBRC), Holeta. In a study by Desalegn and Amssalu (2015) over 200 honey bee colonies from all over Ethiopia were analysed and 37% were tested positive for ''N. apis''. They further investigated the severity of an infestation and concluded, that this disease is considered to be a negligible risk for Ethiopian honey bee colonies. <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/> <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096. </ref><ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2005.11417323</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' ''Nosema'' existence in Ethiopia has been reported for the first time in 1989 by the Holeta Bee Research Center (HBRC), Holeta. In a study by Desalegn and Amssalu (2015) over 200 honey bee colonies from all over Ethiopia were analysed and 37% were tested positive for ''N. apis''. They further investigated the severity of an infestation and concluded, that this disease is considered to be a negligible risk for Ethiopian honey bee colonies. <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/> <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096. </ref><ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.</ref>
-'''Indonesia:''' ''N. ceranae'' is present but there is a lack of data regarding the dangerousness and treating methods of the pathogen, indicating that ''Nosema'' to our current knowledge represents a negligible risk in Indonesia. <ref name="Ellis 2005"/> <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for ''Nosema ceranae'' (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2012.02.014</ref>  <ref>Wilson, W. T., & Nunamaker, R. A. (1983). The Incidence of ''Nosema apis'' in Honeybees in Mexico. Bee World, 64(3), 132–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1983.11097930</ref>
+'''Indonesia:''' ''N. ceranae'' is present but there is a lack of data regarding the dangerousness and treating methods of the pathogen, indicating that ''Nosema'' to our current knowledge represents a negligible risk in Indonesia. <ref name="Ellis 2005"/> <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for ''Nosema ceranae'' (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113.</ref>  <ref>Wilson, W. T., & Nunamaker, R. A. (1983). The Incidence of ''Nosema apis'' in Honeybees in Mexico. Bee World, 64(3), 132–136.</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:07, 19 November 2018
Line 3:		Line 3:


−	'''Ethiopia:''' ''Nosema'' existence in Ethiopia has been reported for the first time in 1989 by the Holeta Bee Research ~~Centre~~ (HBRC), Holeta. In a study by Desalegn and Amssalu (2015) over 200 honey bee colonies from all over Ethiopia were analysed and 37% were tested positive for ''N. apis''. They further investigated the severity of an infestation and concluded, that this disease is considered to be a negligible risk for Ethiopian honey bee colonies. <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/> <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096. </ref><ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2005.11417323</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' ''Nosema'' existence in Ethiopia has been reported for the first time in 1989 by the Holeta Bee Research Center (HBRC), Holeta. In a study by Desalegn and Amssalu (2015) over 200 honey bee colonies from all over Ethiopia were analysed and 37% were tested positive for ''N. apis''. They further investigated the severity of an infestation and concluded, that this disease is considered to be a negligible risk for Ethiopian honey bee colonies. <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/> <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096. </ref><ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2005.11417323</ref>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''''Nosema spp.''''' (Dissociodihaplophasida; Nosematidae) is known to be a parasitc microsporidian and the causative agent of '''nosemose'''. <ref name="Morse 1997">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> The infectious non-germinated spore of the pathogen is transmitted through the oral-faecal route of workers to queens and brood or through mating. The most popular treatment is "fumagillin". While ''N. apis'' has a relatively wide distribution with a prevelence for colder climate, ''N. ceranae'' is mostly prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropics. <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0313</ref>
+'''''Nosema spp.''''' (Dissociodihaplophasida; Nosematidae) is known to be a parasitic  microsporidian and the causative agent of '''nosemosis'''. <ref name="Morse 1997">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> The infectious non-germinated spore of the pathogen is transmitted through the oral-faecal route of adult bees, or through mating. The most popular treatment in many countries is "fumagillin". While ''N. apis'' has a relatively wide distribution with a prevalence for colder climate, ''N. ceranae'' is mostly prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropics. <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0313</ref> Nothing is known about the presence of ''N. ceranae'' in Ethiopia.
 ----
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
-'''Indonesia:''' ''N. ceranae'' is present but there is a lack of data regarding the dangerousness and treating methods of the pathogen, indicating that ''Nosema'' represents a negligible risk in Indonesia. <ref name="Ellis 2005"/> <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for ''Nosema ceranae'' (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2012.02.014</ref>  <ref>Wilson, W. T., & Nunamaker, R. A. (1983). The Incidence of ''Nosema Apis'' in Honeybees in Mexico. Bee World, 64(3), 132–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1983.11097930</ref>
+'''Indonesia:''' ''N. ceranae'' is present but there is a lack of data regarding the dangerousness and treating methods of the pathogen, indicating that ''Nosema'' to our current knowledge represents a negligible risk in Indonesia. <ref name="Ellis 2005"/> <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for ''Nosema ceranae'' (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2012.02.014</ref>  <ref>Wilson, W. T., & Nunamaker, R. A. (1983). The Incidence of ''Nosema apis'' in Honeybees in Mexico. Bee World, 64(3), 132–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1983.11097930</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
-'''Ethiopia:''' ''Nosema'' existence in Ethiopia has been reported for the first time in 1989 by the Holeta Bee Research Centre (HBRC), Holeta. In a study by Desalegn and Amssalu (2015) over 200 honey bee colonies from all over Ethiopia were analysed and 37% were tested positive for ''N. apis''. They further investigated the severity of an infestation and concluded, that this disease is considered to be a negligible risk for Ethiopian honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096. </ref><ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2005.11417323</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/>
+'''Ethiopia:''' ''Nosema'' existence in Ethiopia has been reported for the first time in 1989 by the Holeta Bee Research Centre (HBRC), Holeta. In a study by Desalegn and Amssalu (2015) over 200 honey bee colonies from all over Ethiopia were analysed and 37% were tested positive for ''N. apis''. They further investigated the severity of an infestation and concluded, that this disease is considered to be a negligible risk for Ethiopian honey bee colonies. <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/> <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096. </ref><ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2005.11417323</ref>
-'''Indonesia:''' ''N. ceranae'' is present but there is a lack of data regarding the dangerousness or treating of the pathogen, indicating that ''Nosema'' represents a negligible risk in Indonesia. <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for ''Nosema ceranae'' (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2012.02.014</ref> <ref name="Ellis 2005"/> <ref>Wilson, W. T., & Nunamaker, R. A. (1983). The Incidence of ''Nosema Apis'' in Honeybees in Mexico. Bee World, 64(3), 132–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1983.11097930</ref>
+'''Indonesia:''' ''N. ceranae'' is present but there is a lack of data regarding the dangerousness and treating methods of the pathogen, indicating that ''Nosema'' represents a negligible risk in Indonesia. <ref name="Ellis 2005"/> <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for ''Nosema ceranae'' (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2012.02.014</ref>  <ref>Wilson, W. T., & Nunamaker, R. A. (1983). The Incidence of ''Nosema Apis'' in Honeybees in Mexico. Bee World, 64(3), 132–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1983.11097930</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:33, 30 May 2018
Line 3:		Line 3:


−	'''Ethiopia:''' ''Nosema'' existence in Ethiopia has been reported for the first time in 1989 by the Holeta Bee Research Centre (HBRC), Holeta. In a study by Desalegn and Amssalu (2015) over 200 honey bee colonies from all over Ethiopia were analysed and 37% were tested positive for ''N. apis''. They further investigated the severity of an infestation and ~~concludet~~, that this disease is considered to be a negligible risk for Ethiopian honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096. </ref><ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2005.11417323</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' ''Nosema'' existence in Ethiopia has been reported for the first time in 1989 by the Holeta Bee Research Centre (HBRC), Holeta. In a study by Desalegn and Amssalu (2015) over 200 honey bee colonies from all over Ethiopia were analysed and 37% were tested positive for ''N. apis''. They further investigated the severity of an infestation and concluded, that this disease is considered to be a negligible risk for Ethiopian honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096. </ref><ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2005.11417323</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:32, 30 May 2018
Line 3:		Line 3:


−	'''Ethiopia:''' ''~~N. apis~~'' ~~is present but no further information is available~~ (e.~~g. distribution, treatment, presence of~~ ''N. ~~ceranae~~'', ...). <ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2005.11417323</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' ''Nosema'' existence in Ethiopia has been reported for the first time in 1989 by the Holeta Bee Research Centre (HBRC), Holeta. In a study by Desalegn and Amssalu (2015) over 200 honey bee colonies from all over Ethiopia were analysed and 37% were tested positive for ''N. apis''. They further investigated the severity of an infestation and concludet, that this disease is considered to be a negligible risk for Ethiopian honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096. </ref><ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2005.11417323</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''''Nosema spp.''''' (Nosematidae; Dissociodihaplophasida) is known to be a parasitc microsporidian and the causative agent of nosemose. <ref name="Morse 1997">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> The infectious non-germinated spore of the pathogen is transmitted through the oral-faecal route of workers to queens and brood or through mating. The most popular treatment: fumagillin. While ''N. apis'' has a relatively wide distribution with a prevelence for colder climate, ''N. ceranae'' is mostly prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropics. <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0313</ref>
+'''''Nosema spp.''''' (Dissociodihaplophasida; Nosematidae) is known to be a parasitc microsporidian and the causative agent of '''nosemose'''. <ref name="Morse 1997">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> The infectious non-germinated spore of the pathogen is transmitted through the oral-faecal route of workers to queens and brood or through mating. The most popular treatment is "fumagillin". While ''N. apis'' has a relatively wide distribution with a prevelence for colder climate, ''N. ceranae'' is mostly prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropics. <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0313</ref>
 ----
-'''Ethiopia:''' ''N. apis'' is present but no further information is available. (e.g. distribution, treatment, presence of ''N. ceranae'', etc...). <ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2005.11417323</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/>
+'''Ethiopia:''' ''N. apis'' is present but no further information is available (e.g. distribution, treatment, presence of ''N. ceranae'', ...). <ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2005.11417323</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:10, 8 May 2018
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	'''''Nosema spp.''''' (Nosematidae; Dissociodihaplophasida) is known to be a parasitc microsporidian and the causative agent of nosemose. <ref name="Morse 1997">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> The infectious non-germinated spore of the pathogen is transmitted through the oral-faecal route of workers to queens and brood or through mating. The most popular treatment: fumagillin. While ''N. apis'' has a relatively wide distribution with a prevelence for colder climate, ''N. ceranae'' is mostly prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropics. <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0313</ref>		'''''Nosema spp.''''' (Nosematidae; Dissociodihaplophasida) is known to be a parasitc microsporidian and the causative agent of nosemose. <ref name="Morse 1997">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> The infectious non-germinated spore of the pathogen is transmitted through the oral-faecal route of workers to queens and brood or through mating. The most popular treatment: fumagillin. While ''N. apis'' has a relatively wide distribution with a prevelence for colder climate, ''N. ceranae'' is mostly prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropics. <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0313</ref>
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		+	'''Ethiopia:''' ''N. apis'' is present but no further information is available. (e.g. distribution, treatment, presence of ''N. ceranae'', etc...). <ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2005.11417323</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/>

−	'''Ethiopia:''' ''N. apis'' is present but no further information is available. (e.g. distribution, treatment, presence of ''N. ceranae'', etc...). <ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2005.11417323</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/>

	'''Indonesia:''' ''N. ceranae'' is present but there is a lack of data regarding the dangerousness or treating of the pathogen, indicating that ''Nosema'' represents a negligible risk in Indonesia. <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for ''Nosema ceranae'' (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2012.02.014</ref> <ref name="Ellis 2005"/> <ref>Wilson, W. T., & Nunamaker, R. A. (1983). The Incidence of ''Nosema Apis'' in Honeybees in Mexico. Bee World, 64(3), 132–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1983.11097930</ref>		'''Indonesia:''' ''N. ceranae'' is present but there is a lack of data regarding the dangerousness or treating of the pathogen, indicating that ''Nosema'' represents a negligible risk in Indonesia. <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for ''Nosema ceranae'' (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2012.02.014</ref> <ref name="Ellis 2005"/> <ref>Wilson, W. T., & Nunamaker, R. A. (1983). The Incidence of ''Nosema Apis'' in Honeybees in Mexico. Bee World, 64(3), 132–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1983.11097930</ref>