Propolis - Revision history

KristinaG at 10:12, 3 December 2019

2019-12-03T10:12:50Z

KristinaG at 10:07, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T10:07:12Z

KristinaG at 10:05, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T10:05:54Z

KristinaG at 13:37, 26 November 2018

2018-11-26T13:37:54Z

KristinaG at 13:37, 26 November 2018

2018-11-26T13:37:27Z

KristinaG at 13:30, 20 November 2018

2018-11-20T13:30:40Z

KristinaG at 08:26, 15 November 2018

2018-11-15T08:26:53Z

KristinaG at 12:31, 12 November 2018

2018-11-12T12:31:41Z

KristinaG at 07:15, 13 June 2018

2018-06-13T07:15:50Z

KristinaG at 14:23, 12 June 2018

2018-06-12T14:23:39Z

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 '''Indonesia:''' Stingless bees of the genus ''Trigona'' are known to collect higher amounts of propolis, compared to ''Apis'' species, therefore, Indonesian beekeepers use mainly colonies of '''''Trigona spp.''''' for
-propolis production ("meliponiculture"; see: '''[[Non-Apis managed bees or bees used for bee products]]'''). <ref>Agussalim, Umami, N., & Erwan (2015). Production of Stingless Bees (''Trigona sp.'') Propolis in Various Bee Hives Design. The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production, Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production. 335-338.</ref>  In Indonesia, propolis is categorized as a '''herbal product''' and it is used for '''medical purposes'''. <ref name="Hasan">Hasan, A. E. Z., Mangunwidjaja, D., Sunarti, T. C., Suparno, O., & Setiyono, A. (2013). Optimasi Ekstraksi Propolis Menggunakan Cara Maserasi Dengan Pelarut Etanol 70% Dan Pemanasan Gelombang Mikro Serta Karakterisasinya Sebagai Bahan Antikanker Payudara. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 23(1), 13-21.</ref> The existing interest and the potential is reflected by studies, conducted to improve extraction methods of the product. <ref name="Hasan"/> <ref>
+propolis production ("meliponiculture"; see: '''[[Non-Apis managed bees used for bee products]]'''). <ref>Agussalim, Umami, N., & Erwan (2015). Production of Stingless Bees (''Trigona sp.'') Propolis in Various Bee Hives Design. The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production, Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production. 335-338.</ref>  In Indonesia, propolis is categorized as a '''herbal product''' and it is used for '''medical purposes'''. <ref name="Hasan">Hasan, A. E. Z., Mangunwidjaja, D., Sunarti, T. C., Suparno, O., & Setiyono, A. (2013). Optimasi Ekstraksi Propolis Menggunakan Cara Maserasi Dengan Pelarut Etanol 70% Dan Pemanasan Gelombang Mikro Serta Karakterisasinya Sebagai Bahan Antikanker Payudara. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 23(1), 13-21.</ref> The existing interest and the potential is reflected by studies, conducted to improve extraction methods of the product. <ref name="Hasan"/> <ref>
 Wiwekiwati, & Walianto, S. (2017). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Propolis Dari Yogyakarta Dalam Kedokteran Gigi. Seminar Nasional Riset Inovatif. 105-109.</ref> According to local scientists (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), a propolis business '''exists'''. The product is sold mainly '''online''' and also can be found in local herbal drug stores ('''[[prizes]]'''). There is '''missing information''' on best harvesting time of propolis, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, etc.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Ethiopia:''' It is known, that propolis can be harvested from every hive type and 95% of Ethiopian beekeepers use traditional hives. <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref name="Nuru"/> <ref>Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W. T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' It is known, that propolis can be harvested from every hive type and 95% of Ethiopian beekeepers use traditional '''[[hive types|hives]]'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref name="Nuru"/> <ref>Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W. T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref>
 While the yield of propolis is '''higher in traditional hives''', the '''quality is lower''' due to a contamination of pure propolis with beeswax, hive debris or body parts of bees. <ref name="Nuru">Nuru, A., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Induction of propolis production by ''Apis mellifera bandasii'' in traditional basket and Langstroth movable-frame hives in Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(3-4), 101–106.</ref> Nuru et al. (2002) conducted a study, where propolis production was induced in traditional and in modern hive-systems. They exposed the hives to the external environmental conditions, by creating gaps within the hive. Bees show the behavior of filling those openings and, as prior expected, the propolis yield was '''higher in manipulated hive-systems'''. They found not only a correlation between the data of local weather stations and the propolis production, but also a significantly higher amount of harvested propolis in traditional, compared to modern bee hives. The authors claim, that '''small, cost effective methods can help to increase the outcome significantly'''. <ref name="Nuru"/> Thus, this simple method may be used to increase the propolis yield of small scale beekeepers. Similar to '''[[pollen]]''', the Holeta Bee Research Center and the Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute communicated, that there is no business for propolis, but beekeepers sometimes harvest it for home consumption (medical use). <ref>MoA & ILRI (2013). Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute.</ref>
 '''Indonesia:''' Stingless bees of the genus ''Trigona'' are known to collect higher amounts of propolis, compared to ''Apis'' species, therefore, Indonesian beekeepers use mainly colonies of '''''Trigona spp.''''' for
- propolis production ("meliponiculture"; see: '''[[Non-Apis managed bees or bees used for bee products]]'''). <ref>Agussalim, Umami, N., & Erwan (2015). Production of Stingless Bees (''Trigona sp.'') Propolis in Various Bee Hives Design. The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production, Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production. 335-338.</ref>  In Indonesia, propolis is categorized as a '''herbal product''' and it is used for '''medical purposes'''. <ref name="Hasan">Hasan, A. E. Z., Mangunwidjaja, D., Sunarti, T. C., Suparno, O., & Setiyono, A. (2013). Optimasi Ekstraksi Propolis Menggunakan Cara Maserasi Dengan Pelarut Etanol 70% Dan Pemanasan Gelombang Mikro Serta Karakterisasinya Sebagai Bahan Antikanker Payudara. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 23(1), 13-21.</ref> The existing interest and the potential is reflected by studies, conducted to improve extraction methods of the product. <ref name="Hasan"/> <ref>
+propolis production ("meliponiculture"; see: '''[[Non-Apis managed bees or bees used for bee products]]'''). <ref>Agussalim, Umami, N., & Erwan (2015). Production of Stingless Bees (''Trigona sp.'') Propolis in Various Bee Hives Design. The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production, Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production. 335-338.</ref>  In Indonesia, propolis is categorized as a '''herbal product''' and it is used for '''medical purposes'''. <ref name="Hasan">Hasan, A. E. Z., Mangunwidjaja, D., Sunarti, T. C., Suparno, O., & Setiyono, A. (2013). Optimasi Ekstraksi Propolis Menggunakan Cara Maserasi Dengan Pelarut Etanol 70% Dan Pemanasan Gelombang Mikro Serta Karakterisasinya Sebagai Bahan Antikanker Payudara. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 23(1), 13-21.</ref> The existing interest and the potential is reflected by studies, conducted to improve extraction methods of the product. <ref name="Hasan"/> <ref>
 Wiwekiwati, & Walianto, S. (2017). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Propolis Dari Yogyakarta Dalam Kedokteran Gigi. Seminar Nasional Riset Inovatif. 105-109.</ref> According to local scientists (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), a propolis business '''exists'''. The product is sold mainly '''online''' and also can be found in local herbal drug stores ('''[[prizes]]'''). There is '''missing information''' on best harvesting time of propolis, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, etc.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Ethiopia:''' It is known, that propolis can be harvested from every hive type and 95% of Ethiopian beekeepers use traditional hives. <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v2i1.49654</ref> <ref name="Nuru"/> <ref>Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' It is known, that propolis can be harvested from every hive type and 95% of Ethiopian beekeepers use traditional hives. <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref name="Nuru"/> <ref>Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W. T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref>
-While the yield of propolis is '''higher in traditional hives''', the '''quality is lower''' due to a contamination of pure propolis with beeswax, hive debris or body parts of bees. <ref name="Nuru">Nuru, A., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Induction of propolis production by ''Apis mellifera bandasii'' in traditional basket and Langstroth movable-frame hives in Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(3-4), 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2002.11101076</ref> Nuru et al. (2002) conducted a study, where propolis production was induced in traditional and in modern hive-systems. They exposed the hives to the external environmental conditions, by creating gaps within the hive. Bees show the behavior of filling those openings and, as prior expected, the propolis yield was '''higher in manipulated hive-systems'''. They found not only a correlation between the data of local weather stations and the propolis production, but also a significantly higher amount of harvested propolis in traditional, compared to modern bee hives. The authors claim, that '''small, cost effective methods can help to increase the outcome significantly'''. <ref name="Nuru"/> Thus, this simple method may be used to increase the propolis yield of small scale beekeepers. Similar to '''[[pollen]]''', the Holeta Bee Research Center and the Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute communicated, that there is no business for propolis, but beekeepers sometimes harvest it for home consumption (medical use). <ref>MoA & ILRI (2013). Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute.</ref>
+While the yield of propolis is '''higher in traditional hives''', the '''quality is lower''' due to a contamination of pure propolis with beeswax, hive debris or body parts of bees. <ref name="Nuru">Nuru, A., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Induction of propolis production by ''Apis mellifera bandasii'' in traditional basket and Langstroth movable-frame hives in Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(3-4), 101–106.</ref> Nuru et al. (2002) conducted a study, where propolis production was induced in traditional and in modern hive-systems. They exposed the hives to the external environmental conditions, by creating gaps within the hive. Bees show the behavior of filling those openings and, as prior expected, the propolis yield was '''higher in manipulated hive-systems'''. They found not only a correlation between the data of local weather stations and the propolis production, but also a significantly higher amount of harvested propolis in traditional, compared to modern bee hives. The authors claim, that '''small, cost effective methods can help to increase the outcome significantly'''. <ref name="Nuru"/> Thus, this simple method may be used to increase the propolis yield of small scale beekeepers. Similar to '''[[pollen]]''', the Holeta Bee Research Center and the Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute communicated, that there is no business for propolis, but beekeepers sometimes harvest it for home consumption (medical use). <ref>MoA & ILRI (2013). Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute.</ref>
-'''Indonesia:''' Stingless bees of the genus ''Trigona'' are known to collect higher amounts of propolis, compared to ''Apis'' species, therefore, Indonesian beekeepers use mainly colonies of '''''Trigona spp.''''' for the propolis production ("meliponiculture"; see: "[[Non-Apis managed bees or bees used for bee products]]"). <ref>Agussalim, Umami, N., & Erwan (2015). Production of Stingless Bees (''Trigona sp.'') Propolis in Various Bee Hives Design. The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production, Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production. 335-338.</ref>  In Indonesia, propolis is categorized as a '''herbal product''' and it is used for '''medical purposes'''. <ref name="Hasan">Hasan, A. E. Z., Mangunwidjaja, D., Sunarti, T. C., Suparno, O., & Setiyono, A. (2013). Optimasi Ekstraksi Propolis Menggunakan Cara Maserasi Dengan Pelarut Etanol 70% Dan Pemanasan Gelombang Mikro Serta Karakterisasinya Sebagai Bahan Antikanker Payudara. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 23(1), 13-21.</ref> The existing interest and the potential is reflected by studies, conducted to improve extraction methods of the product. <ref name="Hasan"/> <ref>
+'''Indonesia:''' Stingless bees of the genus ''Trigona'' are known to collect higher amounts of propolis, compared to ''Apis'' species, therefore, Indonesian beekeepers use mainly colonies of '''''Trigona spp.''''' for
 Wiwekiwati, & Walianto, S. (2017). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Propolis Dari Yogyakarta Dalam Kedokteran Gigi. Seminar Nasional Riset Inovatif. 105-109.</ref> According to local scientists (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), a propolis business '''exists'''. The product is sold mainly '''online''' and also can be found in local herbal drug stores ('''[[prizes]]'''). There is '''missing information''' on best harvesting time of propolis, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, etc.

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 '''Indonesia:''' Stingless bees of the genus ''Trigona'' are known to collect higher amounts of propolis, compared to ''Apis'' species, therefore, Indonesian beekeepers use mainly colonies of '''''Trigona spp.''''' for the propolis production ("meliponiculture"; see: "[[Non-Apis managed bees or bees used for bee products]]"). <ref>Agussalim, Umami, N., & Erwan (2015). Production of Stingless Bees (''Trigona sp.'') Propolis in Various Bee Hives Design. The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production, Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production. 335-338.</ref>  In Indonesia, propolis is categorized as a '''herbal product''' and it is used for '''medical purposes'''. <ref name="Hasan">Hasan, A. E. Z., Mangunwidjaja, D., Sunarti, T. C., Suparno, O., & Setiyono, A. (2013). Optimasi Ekstraksi Propolis Menggunakan Cara Maserasi Dengan Pelarut Etanol 70% Dan Pemanasan Gelombang Mikro Serta Karakterisasinya Sebagai Bahan Antikanker Payudara. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 23(1), 13-21.</ref> The existing interest and the potential is reflected by studies, conducted to improve extraction methods of the product. <ref name="Hasan"/> <ref>
-Wiwekiwati, & Walianto, S. (2017). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Propolis Dari Yogyakarta Dalam Kedokteran Gigi. Seminar Nasional Riset Inovatif. 105-109.</ref> According to local scientists (Universitas Padjadjaran), a propolis business '''exists'''. The product is sold mainly '''online''' and also can be found in local herbal drug stores ('''[[prizes]]'''). There is '''missing information''' on best harvesting time of propolis, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, etc.
+Wiwekiwati, & Walianto, S. (2017). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Propolis Dari Yogyakarta Dalam Kedokteran Gigi. Seminar Nasional Riset Inovatif. 105-109.</ref> According to local scientists (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), a propolis business '''exists'''. The product is sold mainly '''online''' and also can be found in local herbal drug stores ('''[[prizes]]'''). There is '''missing information''' on best harvesting time of propolis, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, etc.
 ==References==
 <references/>

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
-'''Indonesia:''' Stingless bees of the genus ''Trigona'' are known to collect higher amounts of propolis, compared to ''Apis'' species, therefore, Indonesian beekeepers use mainly colonies of '''''Trigona spp.''''' for the propolis production ("meliponiculture"; see: "[[Non-Apis managed bees or bees used for bee products]]"). <ref>Agussalim, Umami, N., & Erwan (2015). Production of Stingless Bees (''Trigona sp.'') Propolis in Various Bee Hives Design.  The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production, Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production. 335-338.</ref> Unfortunately, there is '''no information''' on propolis business in Indonesia (e.g. best harvesting time, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, ...). In Indonesia, propolis is categorized as an '''herbal product''' and it is used for '''medical purposes'''. <ref name="Hasan">Hasan, A. E. Z., Mangunwidjaja, D., Sunarti, T. C., Suparno, O., & Setiyono, A. (2013). Optimasi Ekstraksi Propolis Menggunakan Cara Maserasi Dengan Pelarut Etanol 70% Dan Pemanasan Gelombang Mikro Serta Karakterisasinya Sebagai Bahan Antikanker Payudara. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 23(1), 13-21.</ref> The existing interest and the potential is reflected by studies, conducted to improve extraction methods of the product. <ref name="Hasan"/> <ref>
+'''Indonesia:''' Stingless bees of the genus ''Trigona'' are known to collect higher amounts of propolis, compared to ''Apis'' species, therefore, Indonesian beekeepers use mainly colonies of '''''Trigona spp.''''' for the propolis production ("meliponiculture"; see: "[[Non-Apis managed bees or bees used for bee products]]"). <ref>Agussalim, Umami, N., & Erwan (2015). Production of Stingless Bees (''Trigona sp.'') Propolis in Various Bee Hives Design. The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production, Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production. 335-338.</ref>  In Indonesia, propolis is categorized as a '''herbal product''' and it is used for '''medical purposes'''. <ref name="Hasan">Hasan, A. E. Z., Mangunwidjaja, D., Sunarti, T. C., Suparno, O., & Setiyono, A. (2013). Optimasi Ekstraksi Propolis Menggunakan Cara Maserasi Dengan Pelarut Etanol 70% Dan Pemanasan Gelombang Mikro Serta Karakterisasinya Sebagai Bahan Antikanker Payudara. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 23(1), 13-21.</ref> The existing interest and the potential is reflected by studies, conducted to improve extraction methods of the product. <ref name="Hasan"/> <ref>
-Wiwekiwati, & Walianto, S. (2017). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Propolis Dari Yogyakarta Dalam Kedokteran Gigi. Seminar Nasional Riset Inovatif. 105-109.</ref>
+Wiwekiwati, & Walianto, S. (2017). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Propolis Dari Yogyakarta Dalam Kedokteran Gigi. Seminar Nasional Riset Inovatif. 105-109.</ref> According to local scientists (Universitas Padjadjaran), a propolis business '''exists'''. The product is sold mainly '''online''' and also can be found in local herbal drug stores ('''[[prizes]]'''). There is '''missing information''' on best harvesting time of propolis, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, etc.
 ==References==
 <references/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:30, 20 November 2018
Line 2:		Line 2:

	'''Ethiopia:''' It is known, that propolis can be harvested from every hive type and 95% of Ethiopian beekeepers use traditional hives. <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v2i1.49654</ref> <ref name="Nuru"/> <ref>Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref>		'''Ethiopia:''' It is known, that propolis can be harvested from every hive type and 95% of Ethiopian beekeepers use traditional hives. <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v2i1.49654</ref> <ref name="Nuru"/> <ref>Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref>
−	While the yield of propolis is '''higher in traditional hives''', the '''quality is lower''' due to a contamination of pure propolis with beeswax, hive debris or body parts of bees. <ref name="Nuru">Nuru, A., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Induction of propolis production by ''Apis mellifera bandasii'' in traditional basket and Langstroth movable-frame hives in Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(3-4), 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2002.11101076</ref> Nuru et al. (2002) conducted a study, where propolis production was induced in traditional and in modern hive-systems. They exposed the hives to the external environmental conditions, by creating gaps within the hive. Bees show the behavior of filling those openings and, as prior expected, the propolis yield was '''higher in manipulated hive-systems'''. They found not only a correlation between the data of local weather stations and the propolis production, but also a significantly higher amount of harvested propolis in traditional, compared to modern bee hives. The authors claim, that '''small, cost effective methods can help to increase the outcome significantly'''. <ref name="Nuru"/> Thus, this simple method may be used to increase the propolis yield of small scale beekeepers. Similar to '''[[pollen]]''', the Holeta Bee Research Center communicated, that there is no business for propolis, but beekeepers sometimes harvest it for home consumption (medical use).	+	While the yield of propolis is '''higher in traditional hives''', the '''quality is lower''' due to a contamination of pure propolis with beeswax, hive debris or body parts of bees. <ref name="Nuru">Nuru, A., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Induction of propolis production by ''Apis mellifera bandasii'' in traditional basket and Langstroth movable-frame hives in Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(3-4), 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2002.11101076</ref> Nuru et al. (2002) conducted a study, where propolis production was induced in traditional and in modern hive-systems. They exposed the hives to the external environmental conditions, by creating gaps within the hive. Bees show the behavior of filling those openings and, as prior expected, the propolis yield was '''higher in manipulated hive-systems'''. They found not only a correlation between the data of local weather stations and the propolis production, but also a significantly higher amount of harvested propolis in traditional, compared to modern bee hives. The authors claim, that '''small, cost effective methods can help to increase the outcome significantly'''. <ref name="Nuru"/> Thus, this simple method may be used to increase the propolis yield of small scale beekeepers. Similar to '''[[pollen]]''', the Holeta Bee Research Center and the Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute communicated, that there is no business for propolis, but beekeepers sometimes harvest it for home consumption (medical use). <ref>MoA & ILRI (2013). Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:26, 15 November 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+
		+
	'''Ethiopia:''' It is known, that propolis can be harvested from every hive type and 95% of Ethiopian beekeepers use traditional hives. <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v2i1.49654</ref> <ref name="Nuru"/> <ref>Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref>		'''Ethiopia:''' It is known, that propolis can be harvested from every hive type and 95% of Ethiopian beekeepers use traditional hives. <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v2i1.49654</ref> <ref name="Nuru"/> <ref>Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref>
−	While the yield of propolis is '''higher in traditional hives''', the '''quality is lower''' due to a contamination of pure propolis with beeswax, hive debris or body parts of bees. <ref name="Nuru">Nuru, A., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Induction of propolis production by ''Apis mellifera bandasii'' in traditional basket and Langstroth movable-frame hives in Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(3-4), 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2002.11101076</ref> So far, there is '''no information''' on propolis in tropical Africa (e.g. best harvesting time, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, ...). Nuru et al. (2002) conducted a study, where propolis production was induced in traditional and in modern hive-systems. They exposed the hives to the external environmental conditions, by creating gaps within the hive. Bees show the behavior of filling those openings and, as prior expected, the propolis yield was '''higher in manipulated hive-systems'''. They found not only a correlation between the data of local weather stations and the propolis production, but also a significantly higher amount of harvested propolis in traditional, compared to modern bee hives. The authors claim, that '''small, cost effective methods can help to increase the outcome significantly'''. <ref name="Nuru"/> Thus, this simple method may be used to increase the propolis yield of small scale beekeepers.	+	While the yield of propolis is '''higher in traditional hives''', the '''quality is lower''' due to a contamination of pure propolis with beeswax, hive debris or body parts of bees. <ref name="Nuru">Nuru, A., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Induction of propolis production by ''Apis mellifera bandasii'' in traditional basket and Langstroth movable-frame hives in Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(3-4), 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2002.11101076</ref> Nuru et al. (2002) conducted a study, where propolis production was induced in traditional and in modern hive-systems. They exposed the hives to the external environmental conditions, by creating gaps within the hive. Bees show the behavior of filling those openings and, as prior expected, the propolis yield was '''higher in manipulated hive-systems'''. They found not only a correlation between the data of local weather stations and the propolis production, but also a significantly higher amount of harvested propolis in traditional, compared to modern bee hives. The authors claim, that '''small, cost effective methods can help to increase the outcome significantly'''. <ref name="Nuru"/> Thus, this simple method may be used to increase the propolis yield of small scale beekeepers. Similar to '''[[pollen]]''', the Holeta Bee Research Center communicated, that there is no business for propolis, but beekeepers sometimes harvest it for home consumption (medical use).

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:31, 12 November 2018
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	'''Ethiopia:''' It is known, that propolis can be harvested from every hive type and 95% of Ethiopian beekeepers use traditional hives. <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v2i1.49654</ref> <ref name="Nuru"/> <ref>Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref>		'''Ethiopia:''' It is known, that propolis can be harvested from every hive type and 95% of Ethiopian beekeepers use traditional hives. <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v2i1.49654</ref> <ref name="Nuru"/> <ref>Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref>
−	While the yield of propolis is '''higher in traditional hives''', the '''quality is lower''' due to a contamination of pure propolis with beeswax, hive debris or body parts of bees. <ref name="Nuru">Nuru, A., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Induction of propolis production by ''Apis mellifera bandasii'' in traditional basket and Langstroth movable-frame hives in Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(3-4), 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2002.11101076</ref> So far, there is '''no information''' on propolis in tropical Africa (e.g. best harvesting time, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, ...). Nuru et al. (2002) conducted a study, where propolis production was induced in traditional and in modern hive-systems. They exposed the hives to the external environmental conditions, by creating gaps within the hive. Bees show the behavior of filling those openings and, as prior expected, the propolis yield was '''higher in manipulated hive-systems'''. They found not only a correlation between the data of local weather stations and the propolis production, but also a significantly higher amount of harvested propolis in traditional, compared to modern bee hives. The authors claim, that '''small, cost effective methods can help to increase the outcome significantly'''. <ref name="Nuru"/>	+	While the yield of propolis is '''higher in traditional hives''', the '''quality is lower''' due to a contamination of pure propolis with beeswax, hive debris or body parts of bees. <ref name="Nuru">Nuru, A., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Induction of propolis production by ''Apis mellifera bandasii'' in traditional basket and Langstroth movable-frame hives in Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(3-4), 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2002.11101076</ref> So far, there is '''no information''' on propolis in tropical Africa (e.g. best harvesting time, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, ...). Nuru et al. (2002) conducted a study, where propolis production was induced in traditional and in modern hive-systems. They exposed the hives to the external environmental conditions, by creating gaps within the hive. Bees show the behavior of filling those openings and, as prior expected, the propolis yield was '''higher in manipulated hive-systems'''. They found not only a correlation between the data of local weather stations and the propolis production, but also a significantly higher amount of harvested propolis in traditional, compared to modern bee hives. The authors claim, that '''small, cost effective methods can help to increase the outcome significantly'''. <ref name="Nuru"/> Thus, this simple method may be used to increase the propolis yield of small scale beekeepers.

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:15, 13 June 2018
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−	'''Indonesia:''' Stingless bees of the genus ''Trigona'' are known to collect higher amounts of propolis, compared to ''Apis'' species, therefore, Indonesian beekeepers use mainly colonies of '''''Trigona spp.''''' for the propolis production ("meliponiculture"; see: "[[Non-Apis managed bees or bees used for bee products]]"). <ref>Agussalim, Umami, N., & Erwan (2015). Production of Stingless Bees (''Trigona sp.'') Propolis in Various Bee Hives Design. The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production, Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production. 335-338.</ref> Unfortunately, there is '''no information''' on propolis business in Indonesia (e.g. best harvesting time, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, ...). In Indonesia, propolis is categorized as an '''herbal product''' and it is used for '''medical purposes'''. <ref name="Hasan">Hasan, A. E. Z., Mangunwidjaja, D., Sunarti, T. C., ~~Ono~~ Suparno, O., & Setiyono, A. (2013). Optimasi Ekstraksi Propolis Menggunakan Cara Maserasi Dengan Pelarut Etanol 70% Dan Pemanasan Gelombang Mikro Serta Karakterisasinya Sebagai Bahan Antikanker Payudara. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 23(1), 13-21.</ref> The existing interest and the potential is reflected by studies, conducted to improve extraction methods of the product. <ref name="Hasan"/> <ref>	+	'''Indonesia:''' Stingless bees of the genus ''Trigona'' are known to collect higher amounts of propolis, compared to ''Apis'' species, therefore, Indonesian beekeepers use mainly colonies of '''''Trigona spp.''''' for the propolis production ("meliponiculture"; see: "[[Non-Apis managed bees or bees used for bee products]]"). <ref>Agussalim, Umami, N., & Erwan (2015). Production of Stingless Bees (''Trigona sp.'') Propolis in Various Bee Hives Design. The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production, Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production. 335-338.</ref> Unfortunately, there is '''no information''' on propolis business in Indonesia (e.g. best harvesting time, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, ...). In Indonesia, propolis is categorized as an '''herbal product''' and it is used for '''medical purposes'''. <ref name="Hasan">Hasan, A. E. Z., Mangunwidjaja, D., Sunarti, T. C., Suparno, O., & Setiyono, A. (2013). Optimasi Ekstraksi Propolis Menggunakan Cara Maserasi Dengan Pelarut Etanol 70% Dan Pemanasan Gelombang Mikro Serta Karakterisasinya Sebagai Bahan Antikanker Payudara. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 23(1), 13-21.</ref> The existing interest and the potential is reflected by studies, conducted to improve extraction methods of the product. <ref name="Hasan"/> <ref>
	Wiwekiwati, & Walianto, S. (2017). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Propolis Dari Yogyakarta Dalam Kedokteran Gigi. Seminar Nasional Riset Inovatif. 105-109.</ref>		Wiwekiwati, & Walianto, S. (2017). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Propolis Dari Yogyakarta Dalam Kedokteran Gigi. Seminar Nasional Riset Inovatif. 105-109.</ref>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Ethiopia:''' It is known, that propolis can be harvested from every hive type and 95% of Ethiopian beekeepers use traditional hives. <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92</ref> <ref name="Nuru"/> <ref>Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' It is known, that propolis can be harvested from every hive type and 95% of Ethiopian beekeepers use traditional hives. <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v2i1.49654</ref> <ref name="Nuru"/> <ref>Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref>
-While the yield of propolis is '''higher in traditional hives''', the '''quality is lower''' due to a mixture of pure propolis with beeswax, hive debris or dead bees. <ref name="Nuru">Nuru, A., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Induction of propolis production by ''Apis mellifera bandasii'' in traditional basket and Langstroth movable-frame hives in Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(3-4), 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2002.11101076</ref> So far, there is '''no information''' on propolis in tropical Africa (e.g. best harvesting time, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, ...). Nuru et al. (2002) conducted a study, where propolis production was induced in traditional and in modern hive-systems. They exposed the hives to the external environmental conditions, by creating gaps within the hive. Bees show the behavior of filling those openings and, as prior expected, the propolis yield was '''higher in manipulated hive-systems'''. They found not only a correlation between the data of local weather stations and the propolis production, but also a significant difference between the amount of harvested propolis of traditional and modern bee hives. The authors claim, that '''small, cost effective methods can help to increase the outcome significantly'''. <ref name="Nuru"/>
+While the yield of propolis is '''higher in traditional hives''', the '''quality is lower''' due to a contamination of pure propolis with beeswax, hive debris or body parts of bees. <ref name="Nuru">Nuru, A., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Induction of propolis production by ''Apis mellifera bandasii'' in traditional basket and Langstroth movable-frame hives in Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(3-4), 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2002.11101076</ref> So far, there is '''no information''' on propolis in tropical Africa (e.g. best harvesting time, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, ...). Nuru et al. (2002) conducted a study, where propolis production was induced in traditional and in modern hive-systems. They exposed the hives to the external environmental conditions, by creating gaps within the hive. Bees show the behavior of filling those openings and, as prior expected, the propolis yield was '''higher in manipulated hive-systems'''. They found not only a correlation between the data of local weather stations and the propolis production, but also a significantly higher amount of harvested propolis in traditional, compared to modern bee hives. The authors claim, that '''small, cost effective methods can help to increase the outcome significantly'''. <ref name="Nuru"/>
-'''Indonesia:''' Stingless bees of the genus ''Trigona'' are known to produce higher amounts of propolis, compared to ''Apis'' species, therefore, Indonesian beekeepers use mainly colonies of '''''Trigona spp.''''' for the propolis production ("meliponiculture"). <ref>Agussalim, Umami, N., & Erwan (2015). Production of Stingless Bees (''Trigona sp.'') Propolis in Various Bee Hives Design.  The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production, Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production. 335-338.</ref> Unfortunately, there is '''no information''' on propolis business in Indonesia (e.g. best harvesting time, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, ...)! In Indonesia, propolis is categorized as an '''herbal product''' and it is used for '''medical purposes'''. <ref name="Hasan">Hasan, A. E. Z., Mangunwidjaja, D., Sunarti, T. C., Ono Suparno, O., & Setiyono, A. (2013). Optimasi Ekstraksi Propolis Menggunakan Cara Maserasi Dengan Pelarut Etanol 70% Dan Pemanasan Gelombang Mikro Serta Karakterisasinya Sebagai Bahan Antikanker Payudara. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 23(1), 13-21.</ref> The existing interest and the potential is reflected by studies, conducted to improve extraction methods of the product. <ref name="Hasan"/> <ref>
+'''Indonesia:''' Stingless bees of the genus ''Trigona'' are known to collect higher amounts of propolis, compared to ''Apis'' species, therefore, Indonesian beekeepers use mainly colonies of '''''Trigona spp.''''' for the propolis production ("meliponiculture"; see: "[[Non-Apis managed bees or bees used for bee products]]"). <ref>Agussalim, Umami, N., & Erwan (2015). Production of Stingless Bees (''Trigona sp.'') Propolis in Various Bee Hives Design.  The 6th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production, Integrated Approach in Developing Sustainable Tropical Animal Production. 335-338.</ref> Unfortunately, there is '''no information''' on propolis business in Indonesia (e.g. best harvesting time, how much propolis can be expected per colony, impact of propolis production on other bee products, factors that affect the propolis production, official numbers, ...). In Indonesia, propolis is categorized as an '''herbal product''' and it is used for '''medical purposes'''. <ref name="Hasan">Hasan, A. E. Z., Mangunwidjaja, D., Sunarti, T. C., Ono Suparno, O., & Setiyono, A. (2013). Optimasi Ekstraksi Propolis Menggunakan Cara Maserasi Dengan Pelarut Etanol 70% Dan Pemanasan Gelombang Mikro Serta Karakterisasinya Sebagai Bahan Antikanker Payudara. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 23(1), 13-21.</ref> The existing interest and the potential is reflected by studies, conducted to improve extraction methods of the product. <ref name="Hasan"/> <ref>
 Wiwekiwati, & Walianto, S. (2017). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Propolis Dari Yogyakarta Dalam Kedokteran Gigi. Seminar Nasional Riset Inovatif. 105-109.</ref>