Varroa - Revision history

KristinaG at 15:01, 10 December 2018

2018-12-10T15:01:19Z

KristinaG at 08:36, 28 November 2018

2018-11-28T08:36:41Z

KristinaG at 15:04, 19 November 2018

2018-11-19T15:04:00Z

KristinaG at 09:53, 14 November 2018

2018-11-14T09:53:31Z

KristinaG at 14:22, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T14:22:18Z

KristinaG at 14:06, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T14:06:43Z

KristinaG at 13:56, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T13:56:41Z

KristinaG at 13:49, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T13:49:37Z

KristinaG at 13:47, 14 June 2018

2018-06-14T13:47:30Z

KristinaG at 13:05, 16 May 2018

2018-05-16T13:05:18Z

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ''' ''Varroa spp.'' '''(Acari; Varroidae)''' - ''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''
-'''''Varroa''''' belongs to the parasitic mites and is known to be one of the most dangerous pests in honey bees worldwide. ''Varroa'' weakens the colony by feeding on their hemolymph and by acting as a vector for viruses and other pathogens. They enter brood prior capping and reproduce in the sealed brood cells. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> <ref>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref>Mengistu, S., Kebede, Y., & Begna, D. (2016). Major Honey Bee Health Problem with Particular Emphasis to Anti-Varroa Investigation of Propolis in Toke-Kutaye District, Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 11(5), 320–331.</ref> The natural host of ''V. destructor'' was the Asian honey bee ''A. cerana'', but due to a host-switch, when the Western honey bee was introduced to Asia, ''V. destructor'' spread worldwide. <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113.</ref>
+'''''Varroa''''' belongs to the parasitic mites and is known to be one of the most dangerous pests in honey bees worldwide. ''Varroa'' weakens the colony by feeding on their hemolymph and by acting as a vector for viruses and other pathogens. They enter brood prior capping and reproduce in the sealed brood cells. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> <ref>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref>Mengistu, S., Kebede, Y., & Begna, D. (2016). Major Honey Bee Health Problem with Particular Emphasis to Anti-Varroa Investigation of Propolis in Toke-Kutaye District, Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 11(5), 320–331.</ref> The natural host of ''V. destructor'' was the Asian honey bee ''A. cerana'', but due to a host-switch, when the Western honey bee was introduced to Asia, ''V. destructor'' spread worldwide. <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for ''Nosema ceranae'' (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113.</ref>
 ----
-'''Ethiopia:''' There are no reports of high colony losses that are directly linked to the parasitic, introduced  ''V. destructor'' mite, thus in Ethiopia it is not common to treat infested honey bee colonies chemically. Surveys revealed, that most Ethiopian beekeepers do not know about the possible impact of ''V. destructor'' on their colonies. <ref>Ebisa, M., Eyob, H., Dasselegn, B., Lama, Y., Abdisa B., & Misganu, C. (2016). Occurrence and Distribution of Varroa Mite and Antivarroa Effect of Propolis in Walmara District of Oromia Special Zone Around Finfine, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 7(5), 1-6.</ref> Researcher also do not rule out that honey bee populations in Africa may be more resistant against ''V. destructor'' due to several factors like '''[[climate]]''' conditions (i.e. almost no overwintering). <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., … Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' There are no reports of high colony losses that are directly linked to the parasitic, introduced  ''V. destructor'' mite, thus in Ethiopia it is not common to treat infested honey bee colonies chemically. Surveys revealed, that most Ethiopian beekeepers do not know about the possible impact of ''V. destructor'' on their colonies. <ref>Ebisa, M., Eyob, H., Dasselegn, B., Lama, Y., Abdisa B., & Misganu, C. (2016). Occurrence and Distribution of ''Varroa'' Mite and Antivarroa Effect of Propolis in Walmara District of Oromia Special Zone Around Finfine, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 7(5), 1-6.</ref> Researcher also do not rule out that honey bee populations in Africa may be more resistant against ''V. destructor'' due to several factors like '''[[climate]]''' conditions (i.e. almost no overwintering). <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., …, & Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>
-'''Indonesia:''' Several species of ''[[Varroa]]'' exist in Indonesia (''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''), known to infest different '''[[honey bee species and subspecies]]'''. Regarding the beekeeping with '''[[honey bee species and subspecies|''A. cerana'']]''', studies revealed, that ''V. destructor'' seems to be not economically important, not only due to the increased hygiene behavior of ''A. cerana''.  Though, increased grooming behavior of ''A. cerana'' in cleaning and removing '''''varroa''''' mites is not only triggered by exogenous stimuli through visual and olfactory detection, but also on genetics. Unfortunately, there is no data on the impact of ''V. destructor'' on Indonesian ''A. mellifera'' (i.e. infestation rate, severity, ...). <ref>Diao, Q., Sun, L., Zheng, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Xu, S., … Wu, J. (2018). Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the Asian honeybee ''Apis cerana'' provides novel insights into honeybee biology. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-14.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312.</ref> <ref>Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of ''Varroa destructor''. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, 96–119.</ref>
+'''Indonesia:''' Several species of ''[[Varroa]]'' exist in Indonesia (''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''), known to infest different '''[[honey bee species and subspecies]]'''. Regarding the beekeeping with '''[[honey bee species and subspecies|''A. cerana'']]''', studies revealed, that ''V. destructor'' seems to be not economically important, not only due to the increased hygiene behavior of ''A. cerana''.  Though, increased grooming behavior of ''A. cerana'' in cleaning and removing '''''varroa''''' mites is not only triggered by exogenous stimuli through visual and olfactory detection, but also on genetics. Unfortunately, there is no data on the impact of ''V. destructor'' on Indonesian ''A. mellifera'' (i.e. infestation rate, severity, ...). <ref>Diao, Q., Sun, L., Zheng, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Xu, S., …, & Wu, J. (2018). Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the Asian honeybee ''Apis cerana'' provides novel insights into honeybee biology. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-14.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312.</ref> <ref>Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of ''Varroa destructor''. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, 96–119.</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
-'''Indonesia:''' Several species of ''[[Varroa]]'' exist in Indonesia (''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''), known to infest different '''[[honey bee species and subspecies]]'''. Regarding the beekeeping with '''[[honey bee species and subspecies|''A. cerana'']]''', studies revealed, that ''V. destructor'' seems to be not economically important, not only due to the increased hygiene behavior of ''A. cerana''.  Though, increased grooming behavior of ''A. cerana'' in cleaning and removing '''''varroa''''' mites is not only triggered by exogenous stimuli through visual and olfactory detection, but also on genetics. Unfortunately, there is no data on the impact of ''V. destructor'' on Indonesian ''A. mellifera'' (i.e. infestation rate, severity, ...). <ref>Diao, Q., Sun, L., Zheng, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Xu, S., … Wu, J. (2018). Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the Asian honeybee ''Apis cerana'' provides novel insights into honeybee biology. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-14.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Springer.</ref> <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312.</ref> <ref>Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of ''Varroa destructor''. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, 96–119.</ref>
+'''Indonesia:''' Several species of ''[[Varroa]]'' exist in Indonesia (''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''), known to infest different '''[[honey bee species and subspecies]]'''. Regarding the beekeeping with '''[[honey bee species and subspecies|''A. cerana'']]''', studies revealed, that ''V. destructor'' seems to be not economically important, not only due to the increased hygiene behavior of ''A. cerana''.  Though, increased grooming behavior of ''A. cerana'' in cleaning and removing '''''varroa''''' mites is not only triggered by exogenous stimuli through visual and olfactory detection, but also on genetics. Unfortunately, there is no data on the impact of ''V. destructor'' on Indonesian ''A. mellifera'' (i.e. infestation rate, severity, ...). <ref>Diao, Q., Sun, L., Zheng, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Xu, S., … Wu, J. (2018). Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the Asian honeybee ''Apis cerana'' provides novel insights into honeybee biology. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-14.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312.</ref> <ref>Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of ''Varroa destructor''. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, 96–119.</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ''' ''Varroa spp.'' '''(Acari; Varroidae)''' - ''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''
-'''''Varroa''''' belongs to the parasitic mites and is known to be one of the most dangerous pests in honey bees worldwide. ''Varroa'' weakens the colony by feeding on their hemolymph and by acting as a vector for viruses and other pathogens. They enter brood prior capping and reproduce in the sealed brood cells. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> <ref>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref>Mengistu, S., Kebede, Y., & Begna, D. (2016). Major Honey Bee Health Problem with Particular Emphasis to Anti-Varroa Investigation of Propolis in Toke-Kutaye District, Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 11(5), 320–331.</ref> The natural host of ''V. destructor'' was the Asian honey bee ''A. cerana'', but due to a host-switch, when the Western honey bee was introduced to Asia, ''V. destructor'' spread worldwide. <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2012.02.014</ref>
+'''''Varroa''''' belongs to the parasitic mites and is known to be one of the most dangerous pests in honey bees worldwide. ''Varroa'' weakens the colony by feeding on their hemolymph and by acting as a vector for viruses and other pathogens. They enter brood prior capping and reproduce in the sealed brood cells. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> <ref>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref>Mengistu, S., Kebede, Y., & Begna, D. (2016). Major Honey Bee Health Problem with Particular Emphasis to Anti-Varroa Investigation of Propolis in Toke-Kutaye District, Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 11(5), 320–331.</ref> The natural host of ''V. destructor'' was the Asian honey bee ''A. cerana'', but due to a host-switch, when the Western honey bee was introduced to Asia, ''V. destructor'' spread worldwide. <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113.</ref>
 ----
-'''Ethiopia:''' There are no reports of high colony losses that are directly linked to the parasitic, introduced  ''V. destructor'' mite, thus in Ethiopia it is not common to treat infested honey bee colonies chemically. Surveys revealed, that most Ethiopian beekeepers do not know about the possible impact of ''V. destructor'' on their colonies. <ref>Ebisa, M., Eyob, H., Dasselegn, B., Lama, Y., Abdisa B., & Misganu, C. (2016). Occurrence and Distribution of Varroa Mite and Antivarroa Effect of Propolis in Walmara District of Oromia Special Zone Around Finfine, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000370</ref> Researcher also do not rule out that honey bee populations in Africa may be more resistant against ''V. destructor'' due to several factors like '''[[climate]]''' conditions (i.e. almost no overwintering). <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., … Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094459</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' There are no reports of high colony losses that are directly linked to the parasitic, introduced  ''V. destructor'' mite, thus in Ethiopia it is not common to treat infested honey bee colonies chemically. Surveys revealed, that most Ethiopian beekeepers do not know about the possible impact of ''V. destructor'' on their colonies. <ref>Ebisa, M., Eyob, H., Dasselegn, B., Lama, Y., Abdisa B., & Misganu, C. (2016). Occurrence and Distribution of Varroa Mite and Antivarroa Effect of Propolis in Walmara District of Oromia Special Zone Around Finfine, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 7(5), 1-6.</ref> Researcher also do not rule out that honey bee populations in Africa may be more resistant against ''V. destructor'' due to several factors like '''[[climate]]''' conditions (i.e. almost no overwintering). <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., … Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>
-'''Indonesia:''' Several species of ''[[Varroa]]'' exist in Indonesia (''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''), known to infest different '''[[honey bee species and subspecies]]'''. Regarding the beekeeping with '''[[honey bee species and subspecies|''A. cerana'']]''', studies revealed, that ''V. destructor'' seems to be not economically important, not only due to the increased hygiene behavior of ''A. cerana''.  Though, increased grooming behavior of ''A. cerana'' in cleaning and removing '''''varroa''''' mites is not only triggered by exogenous stimuli through visual and olfactory detection, but also on genetics. Unfortunately, there is no data on the impact of ''V. destructor'' on Indonesian ''A. mellifera'' (i.e. infestation rate, severity, ...). <ref>Diao, Q., Sun, L., Zheng, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Xu, S., … Wu, J. (2018). Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the Asian honeybee ''Apis cerana'' provides novel insights into honeybee biology. Scientific Reports, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17338-6</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</ref> <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009021</ref> <ref>Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of ''Varroa destructor''. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, 96–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.016</ref>
+'''Indonesia:''' Several species of ''[[Varroa]]'' exist in Indonesia (''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''), known to infest different '''[[honey bee species and subspecies]]'''. Regarding the beekeeping with '''[[honey bee species and subspecies|''A. cerana'']]''', studies revealed, that ''V. destructor'' seems to be not economically important, not only due to the increased hygiene behavior of ''A. cerana''.  Though, increased grooming behavior of ''A. cerana'' in cleaning and removing '''''varroa''''' mites is not only triggered by exogenous stimuli through visual and olfactory detection, but also on genetics. Unfortunately, there is no data on the impact of ''V. destructor'' on Indonesian ''A. mellifera'' (i.e. infestation rate, severity, ...). <ref>Diao, Q., Sun, L., Zheng, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Xu, S., … Wu, J. (2018). Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the Asian honeybee ''Apis cerana'' provides novel insights into honeybee biology. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-14.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Springer.</ref> <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312.</ref> <ref>Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of ''Varroa destructor''. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, 96–119.</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
-'''Indonesia:''' Several species of ''[[Varroa]]'' exist in Indonesia (''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''), known to infest different '''[[honey bee species and subspecies]]'''. Regarding the beekeeping with '''''[[A. cerana]]''''', studies revealed, that ''V. destructor'' seems to be not economically important, not only due to the increased hygiene behavior of ''A. cerana''.  Though, increased grooming behavior of ''A. cerana'' in cleaning and removing '''''Varroa''''' mites is not only triggered by exogenous stimuli through visual and olfactory detection, but also on genetics. Unfortunately, there is no data on the impact of ''V. destructor'' on Indonesian ''A. mellifera'' (i.e. infestation rate, severity, ...). <ref>Diao, Q., Sun, L., Zheng, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Xu, S., … Wu, J. (2018). Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the Asian honeybee ''Apis cerana'' provides novel insights into honeybee biology. Scientific Reports, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17338-6</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</ref> <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009021</ref> <ref>Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of ''Varroa destructor''. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, 96–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.016</ref>
+'''Indonesia:''' Several species of ''[[Varroa]]'' exist in Indonesia (''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''), known to infest different '''[[honey bee species and subspecies]]'''. Regarding the beekeeping with '''[[honey bee species and subspecies|''A. cerana'']]''', studies revealed, that ''V. destructor'' seems to be not economically important, not only due to the increased hygiene behavior of ''A. cerana''.  Though, increased grooming behavior of ''A. cerana'' in cleaning and removing '''''varroa''''' mites is not only triggered by exogenous stimuli through visual and olfactory detection, but also on genetics. Unfortunately, there is no data on the impact of ''V. destructor'' on Indonesian ''A. mellifera'' (i.e. infestation rate, severity, ...). <ref>Diao, Q., Sun, L., Zheng, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Xu, S., … Wu, J. (2018). Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the Asian honeybee ''Apis cerana'' provides novel insights into honeybee biology. Scientific Reports, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17338-6</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</ref> <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009021</ref> <ref>Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of ''Varroa destructor''. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, 96–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.016</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:22, 14 June 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' There are no reports of high colony losses that are directly linked to the parasitic, introduced ''V. destructor'' mite, thus in Ethiopia it is not common to treat infested honey bee colonies chemically. Surveys revealed, that most Ethiopian beekeepers do not know about the possible impact of ''V. destructor'' on their colonies. <ref>Ebisa, M., & Eyob, H. (2016). Occurrence and Distribution of ''Varroa'' Mite and Antivarroa Effect of Propolis in Walmara District of Oromia Special Zone Around Finfine, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000370</ref> Researcher also do not rule out that honey bee populations in Africa may be more resistant against ''V. destructor'' due to several factors like '''[[climate]]''' conditions (i.e. almost no overwintering). <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., … Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094459</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' There are no reports of high colony losses that are directly linked to the parasitic, introduced ''V. destructor'' mite, thus in Ethiopia it is not common to treat infested honey bee colonies chemically. Surveys revealed, that most Ethiopian beekeepers do not know about the possible impact of ''V. destructor'' on their colonies. <ref>Ebisa, M., Eyob, H., Dasselegn, B., Lama, Y., Abdisa B., & Misganu, C. (2016). Occurrence and Distribution of Varroa Mite and Antivarroa Effect of Propolis in Walmara District of Oromia Special Zone Around Finfine, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000370</ref> Researcher also do not rule out that honey bee populations in Africa may be more resistant against ''V. destructor'' due to several factors like '''[[climate]]''' conditions (i.e. almost no overwintering). <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., … Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094459</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:56, 14 June 2018
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−	'''Ethiopia:''' There are no reports of high colony losses that are directly linked to the parasitic, introduced ''V. destructor'' mite, thus in Ethiopia it is not common to treat infested honey bee colonies chemically. Surveys revealed, that most Ethiopian beekeepers do not know about the possible impact of ''V. destructor'' on their colonies. <ref>Ebisa, M.., & Eyob, H. (2016). Occurrence and Distribution of ''Varroa'' Mite and Antivarroa Effect of Propolis in Walmara District of Oromia Special Zone Around Finfine, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000370</ref> Researcher also do not rule out that honey bee populations in Africa may be more resistant against ''V. destructor'' due to several factors like '''[[climate]]''' conditions (i.e. almost no overwintering). <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., … Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094459</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>	+	'''Ethiopia:''' There are no reports of high colony losses that are directly linked to the parasitic, introduced ''V. destructor'' mite, thus in Ethiopia it is not common to treat infested honey bee colonies chemically. Surveys revealed, that most Ethiopian beekeepers do not know about the possible impact of ''V. destructor'' on their colonies. <ref>Ebisa, M., & Eyob, H. (2016). Occurrence and Distribution of ''Varroa'' Mite and Antivarroa Effect of Propolis in Walmara District of Oromia Special Zone Around Finfine, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000370</ref> Researcher also do not rule out that honey bee populations in Africa may be more resistant against ''V. destructor'' due to several factors like '''[[climate]]''' conditions (i.e. almost no overwintering). <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., … Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094459</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>

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 ''' ''Varroa spp.'' '''(Acari; Varroidae)''' - ''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''
-'''''Varroa''''' belongs to the parasitic mites and is known to be one of the most dangerous pests in honey bees worldwide. ''Varroa'' weakens the colony by feeding on their hemolymph and by acting as a vector for viruses and other pathogens. They enter brood prior capping and reproduce in the sealed brood cells. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Heinemann Newnes.</ref> <ref>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref>Mengistu, S., Kebede, Y., & Begna, D. (2016). Major Honey Bee Health Problem with Particular Emphasis to Anti-Varroa Investigation of Propolis in Toke-Kutaye District, Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 11(5), 320–331.</ref>
+'''''Varroa''''' belongs to the parasitic mites and is known to be one of the most dangerous pests in honey bees worldwide. ''Varroa'' weakens the colony by feeding on their hemolymph and by acting as a vector for viruses and other pathogens. They enter brood prior capping and reproduce in the sealed brood cells. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Heinemann Newnes.</ref> <ref>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref>Mengistu, S., Kebede, Y., & Begna, D. (2016). Major Honey Bee Health Problem with Particular Emphasis to Anti-Varroa Investigation of Propolis in Toke-Kutaye District, Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 11(5), 320–331.</ref> The natural host of ''V. destructor'' was the Asian honey bee ''A. cerana'', but due to a host-switch, when the Western honey bee was introduced to Asia, V. destructor spread wordlwide. <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2012.02.014</ref>
 ----
-'''Ethiopia:''' There are no reports of high colony losses that are directly linked to the parasitic ''V. destructor'' mite, thus in Ethiopia it is not common to treat infested honey bee colonies chemically. Surveys revealed, that most Ethiopian beekeepers do not know about the possible impact of ''V. destructor'' on their colonies. <ref>Ebisa, M.., & Eyob, H. (2016). Occurrence and Distribution of ''Varroa'' Mite and Antivarroa Effect of Propolis in Walmara District of Oromia Special Zone Around Finfine, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000370</ref> Researcher also do not rule out that honey bee populations in Africa may be more resistant against ''V. destructor'' due to several factors like '''[[climate]]''' conditions (i.e. almost no overwintering). <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., … Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094459</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>
+'''Ethiopia:''' There are no reports of high colony losses that are directly linked to the parasitic, introduced  ''V. destructor'' mite, thus in Ethiopia it is not common to treat infested honey bee colonies chemically. Surveys revealed, that most Ethiopian beekeepers do not know about the possible impact of ''V. destructor'' on their colonies. <ref>Ebisa, M.., & Eyob, H. (2016). Occurrence and Distribution of ''Varroa'' Mite and Antivarroa Effect of Propolis in Walmara District of Oromia Special Zone Around Finfine, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000370</ref> Researcher also do not rule out that honey bee populations in Africa may be more resistant against ''V. destructor'' due to several factors like '''[[climate]]''' conditions (i.e. almost no overwintering). <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., … Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094459</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>
-'''Indonesia:''' Several species of ''[[Varroa]]'' exist in Indonesia (''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''), known to infest different '''[[honey bee species and subspecies]]'''. Regarding the beekeeping with '''''[[A. cerana]]''''', studies revealed, that ''V. destructor'' seems to be not economically important, not only due to the increased hygiene behavior of ''A. cerana''.  Though, increased grooming behavior of ''A. cerana'' in cleaning and removing '''''Varroa''''' mites is not only based on triggering by exogenous stimuli through visual and olfactory detection, but also on genetics. Unfortunately, there is no data about the infestation rate, nor the mortality rate of ''V. destructor'' relating to ''A. mellifera'', although in a study of Anderson (1994) ''V. destructor'' was also found in colonies of '''''[[A. mellifera]]'''''. <ref>Anderson, D. L. (1994). Non-reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni in ''Apis mellifera'' colonies in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Apidologie, 25(4), 412–421. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19940408</ref> <ref>Diao, Q., Sun, L., Zheng, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Xu, S., … Wu, J. (2018). Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the Asian honeybee ''Apis cerana'' provides novel insights into honeybee biology. Scientific Reports, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17338-6</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</ref> <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009021</ref> <ref>Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of ''Varroa destructor''. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, S96–S119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.016</ref>
+'''Indonesia:''' Several species of ''[[Varroa]]'' exist in Indonesia (''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''), known to infest different '''[[honey bee species and subspecies]]'''. Regarding the beekeeping with '''''[[A. cerana]]''''', studies revealed, that ''V. destructor'' seems to be not economically important, not only due to the increased hygiene behavior of ''A. cerana''.  Though, increased grooming behavior of ''A. cerana'' in cleaning and removing '''''Varroa''''' mites is not only triggered by exogenous stimuli through visual and olfactory detection, but also on genetics. Unfortunately, there is no data on the impact of ''V. destructor'' on Indonesian ''A. mellifera'' (i.e. infestation rate, severity, ...). <ref>Diao, Q., Sun, L., Zheng, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Xu, S., … Wu, J. (2018). Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the Asian honeybee ''Apis cerana'' provides novel insights into honeybee biology. Scientific Reports, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17338-6</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</ref> <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009021</ref> <ref>Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of ''Varroa destructor''. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, S96–S119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.016</ref>
 ==References==
 <references/>