Difference between revisions of "Viruses"
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| − | Pirk and colleagues reviewed, that in the year 2015, at least 23 "honey bee viruses" were known. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. | + | Pirk and colleagues reviewed, that in the year 2015, at least 23 "honey bee viruses" were known globally. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>. Important viruses reported in Asia and/or Africa are: '''Black Queen Cell Virus''' (BQCV), '''Sacbrood Virus''' (SBV), '''Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus''' (IAPV), '''Deformed Wing Virus''' (DWV), '''Varroa destructor Virus 1''' (VDV-1) and '''Acute/Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus''' (ABPV and CBPV). <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> <ref>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> Despite there may be similar symptoms such as wing deformation in DWV and VDV-1, the pathogenesis of mentioned viruses differ from each other. The symptoms range from loss of hair to even paralysis of bees. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> <ref>Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.</ref> |
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| − | '''Ethiopia:''' So far, 9 different viruses affecting honey bee health were detected in Africa. | + | '''Ethiopia:''' So far, 9 different viruses affecting honey bee health were detected in Africa. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> While multiple viruses were observed in the neighbouring countries ('''[[Threats for introduction of new pests]]'''), <ref>Kajobe, R., Marris, G., Budge, G., Laurenson, L., Cordoni, G., Jones, B., … Brown, M. A. (2010). First molecular detection of a viral pathogen in Ugandan honey bees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 104(2), 153–156.</ref> <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., …, & Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459.</ref> there is a lack of information regarding the honey bee virus status in Ethiopia. |
| − | '''Indonesia:''' According to Ellis and Munn, 6 different honey bee viruses were observed in Asia | + | '''Indonesia:''' According to Ellis and Munn, 6 different honey bee viruses were observed in Asia. <ref>Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.</ref> Unfortunately, there is a lack of data on the virus status in Indonesia. |
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Latest revision as of 17:34, 10 December 2018
Pirk and colleagues reviewed, that in the year 2015, at least 23 "honey bee viruses" were known globally. [1]. Important viruses reported in Asia and/or Africa are: Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Sacbrood Virus (SBV), Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV), Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), Varroa destructor Virus 1 (VDV-1) and Acute/Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV and CBPV). [1] [2] Despite there may be similar symptoms such as wing deformation in DWV and VDV-1, the pathogenesis of mentioned viruses differ from each other. The symptoms range from loss of hair to even paralysis of bees. [1] [3]
Ethiopia: So far, 9 different viruses affecting honey bee health were detected in Africa. [1] While multiple viruses were observed in the neighbouring countries (Threats for introduction of new pests), [4] [5] there is a lack of information regarding the honey bee virus status in Ethiopia.
Indonesia: According to Ellis and Munn, 6 different honey bee viruses were observed in Asia. [6] Unfortunately, there is a lack of data on the virus status in Indonesia.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.
- ↑ Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.
- ↑ Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.
- ↑ Kajobe, R., Marris, G., Budge, G., Laurenson, L., Cordoni, G., Jones, B., … Brown, M. A. (2010). First molecular detection of a viral pathogen in Ugandan honey bees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 104(2), 153–156.
- ↑ Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., …, & Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459.
- ↑ Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.
