Difference between revisions of "Honey"

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'''Ethiopia:''' The country belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice Braula coeca (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> The honey production was estimated to '''43,000 MT/year''' with a potential honey production of about '''550,000 MT/year'''. <ref name="MoARD 2007">MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report - Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N - Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref> <ref name="Negash 2017">Negash Bekena, & Juergen Greiling. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.02.005</ref> <ref name= "Taye 2015">Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W. T. (2015). Evaluation of Transitional and Modern Hives for Honey Production in Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research, 3(1), 1-6.</ref> Approximately, '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' with low productivity. <ref name="Negash 2017"/> According to Gemechis (2016) traditional beehives produce around '''5-8 kg''' honey. <ref name="MoARD 2007"/> <ref name="Gemechis 2015">Gemechis, L. Y. (2015). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2016.7.5.248.253</ref>, while the average honey yield in modern hives ranges from '''15-20 kg'''. <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010">Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v2i1.49654</ref> <ref name="Taye 2015"/> According to FAO, the average amount of honey per hive over 24 years was 7.55 kg and therefore is in agreement with the prior mentioned observations. <ref name="FAO 2018">FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 2018-04-23. URL: http://faostat.fao.org</ref> '''70-80%''' of produced honey is used for the production of '''''tej''''' (traditional beverage) and the remaining percentage is sold as table honey. <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010"/> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref name="SNV 2005">SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> 10% of honey is consumed directly by the beekeeping households, while the rest is sold for gaining income. <ref name="Gemechis 2015"/> One major quality problem is the high '''moisture level''' of honey. Samples from all over the country revealed moisture content between '''15.25%''' and '''30.45%'''. The outcome varies with the type of used hives (traditional hives have 1.5-3.0% higher moisture content than modern hives) and the sample region (highly humid areas are more affected). <ref name="Gemechis 2015"/> Honey from traditional hives is often a mixture of pollen, wax and honey, because it is not common among many Ethiopian beekeepers to separate the crude honey from other components. <ref>Fichtl R. & Adi A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> <ref name="SNV 2005"/> To the favored storage materials for honey belong plastic bags, tins/barrels, plastic containers, clay/log pots and animal skin. <ref>Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (Apis mellifera L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088
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'''Ethiopia:''' The country belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> The honey production was estimated to '''43,000 MT/year''' with a potential honey production of about '''550,000 MT/year'''. <ref name="MoARD 2007">MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report - Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N - Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref> <ref name="Negash 2017">Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.02.005</ref> <ref name= "Taye 2015">Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W. T. (2015). Evaluation of Transitional and Modern Hives for Honey Production in Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research, 3(1), 1-6.</ref> Approximately, '''95%''' of bee hives in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' with low productivity. <ref name="Negash 2017"/> According to Gemechis (2016) traditional beehives produce around '''5-8 kg''' honey. <ref name="MoARD 2007"/> <ref name="Gemechis 2015">Gemechis, L. Y. (2015). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2016.7.5.248.253</ref>, while the average honey yield in modern hives ranges from '''15-20 kg'''. <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010">Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v2i1.49654</ref> <ref name="Taye 2015"/> According to FAO, the average amount of honey per hive over 24 years was 7.55 kg and therefore is in agreement with the prior mentioned observations. <ref name="FAO 2018">FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 2018-04-23. URL: http://faostat.fao.org</ref> '''70-80%''' of produced honey is used for the production of '''''tej''''' (traditional beverage) and the remaining percentage is sold as table honey. <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010"/> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref name="SNV 2005">SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> 10% of honey is consumed directly by the beekeeping households, while the rest is sold for gaining income. <ref name="Gemechis 2015"/> One major quality problem is the high '''moisture level''' of honey. Samples from all over the country revealed moisture content between '''15.25%''' and '''30.45%'''. The outcome varies with the type of used hives (traditional hives have 1.5-3.0% higher moisture content than modern hives) and the sample region (highly humid areas are more affected). <ref name="Gemechis 2015"/> Honey from traditional hives is often a mixture of pollen, wax and honey, because it is not common among many Ethiopian beekeepers to separate the crude honey from other components. <ref>Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> <ref name="SNV 2005"/> To the favored storage materials for honey belong plastic bags, tins/barrels, plastic containers, clay/log pots and animal skin. <ref>Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088
 
</ref> The leading honey and bees wax producing regions in Ethiopia include Oromia (41%), SNNPR (22%), Amara (21%) and Tigray (5%). <ref name="SNV 2005"/>  
 
</ref> The leading honey and bees wax producing regions in Ethiopia include Oromia (41%), SNNPR (22%), Amara (21%) and Tigray (5%). <ref name="SNV 2005"/>  
  
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[[File:Honeyperhive_ET.PNG|thumb|center|Honey yield per hive in Ethiopia (1993-2016); *Data is based on estimations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); **Data is not available.]]  
 
[[File:Honeyperhive_ET.PNG|thumb|center|Honey yield per hive in Ethiopia (1993-2016); *Data is based on estimations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); **Data is not available.]]  
 
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'''Indonesia:''' Unfortunately, neither FAO, nor another statistical provider provides any data about the honey production of Indonesia. However it is estimated, that Indonesia needs '''3,750 MT''' of honey per year, while there is a supply of only '''500-2,000 MT''' per year. <ref name="Widiatmaka">Widiatmaka, W., Wiwin A., Chandrasa E. S., & Lailan S. (2006). Geographic Information System and Analytical Hierarchy Process For Land Use Planning of Beekeeping in Forest Margin of Bogor Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 7(3), 50-57</ref> <ref>Roman, A. (2006). Effect of Pollen Load Size on the Weight of Pollen Harvested from Honeybee Colonies (''Apis mellifera'' L.). Journal of Apicultural Science, 50(2).</ref> De Jong (2000) estimated the honey production in the region of Kalimantan (based on beekeeping with “honey boards”) between '''53''' and '''267 kg''' per family per year. <ref>De Jong, W. (2000). Micro-differences in Local Resource Management: The Case of Honey in West Kalimantan, Indonesia -a Brief Comment. Human Ecology, 28(4), 631-639.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that beekeeping in Indonesia is still considered to be '''“second class farming”''' and therefore the beekeeping sector is still small. There are various forms of gaining honey, for example working with small colonies of stingless bees, or the practice of honey hunting on ''A. dorsata'', where the forest honey is often consumed locally and therefore the data about the amount of harvested honey is not passed on for statistical assessments. <ref>De Jong, W. (2002). Forest products and local forest management in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for conservation and development. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.</ref> Further, the honey consumption per person per year is with '''15 g''' very low. <ref name="Widiatmaka"/> There is no current information on the quality of Indonesian honey, but a study in 1988 revealed '''high moisture''' content between '''20.7''' and '''36.3%''' (22 samples from Sumatran village markets) and '''adulteration''' with sucrose (cane sugar, or sugar syrup) in most of the samplings. In addition, some of the investigated honey samples were boiled to evaporate  the water for a higher viscosity of the product, which led to a '''high hydroxymethylfurfural''' (HMF) content. <ref>White, J. W., Platt, Jr. J. L., Allen-Wardell, G., & Allen-Wardell, C. (1988). Quality Control for Honey Enterprises in Less-Developed Areas: An Indonesian Example, Bee World, 69:2, 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1988.11098951</ref> According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), Indonesian beekeepers sell their honey in two different forms, '''table honey''' (common honey packed in a glass jar) and '''nest honey''', called “madu sarang” (honey sold including the whole comb). Selling nest honey is gaining more attractiveness, because of the national wide problem of honey adulteration.  
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'''Indonesia:''' Unfortunately, neither FAO, nor another statistical provider provides any data about the honey production of Indonesia. However it is estimated, that Indonesia needs '''3,750 MT''' of honey per year, while there is a supply of only '''500-2,000 MT''' per year. <ref name="Widiatmaka">Widiatmaka, W., Wiwin, A., Chandrasa, E. S., & Lailan, S. (2006). Geographic Information System and Analytical Hierarchy Process For Land Use Planning of Beekeeping in Forest Margin of Bogor Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 7(3), 50-57.</ref> <ref>Roman, A. (2006). Effect of Pollen Load Size on the Weight of Pollen Harvested from Honeybee Colonies (''Apis mellifera'' L.). Journal of Apicultural Science, 50(2).</ref> De Jong (2000) estimated the honey production in the region of Kalimantan (based on beekeeping with “honey boards”) between '''53''' and '''267 kg''' per family per year. <ref>De Jong, W. (2000). Micro-differences in Local Resource Management: The Case of Honey in West Kalimantan, Indonesia -a Brief Comment. Human Ecology, 28(4), 631-639.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that beekeeping in Indonesia is still considered to be '''“second class farming”''' and therefore the beekeeping sector is still small. There are various forms of gaining honey, for example working with small colonies of stingless bees, or the practice of honey hunting on ''A. dorsata'', where the forest honey is often consumed locally and therefore the data about the amount of harvested honey is not passed on for statistical assessments. <ref>De Jong, W. (2002). Forest products and local forest management in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for conservation and development. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.</ref> Further, the honey consumption per person per year is with '''15 g''' very low. <ref name="Widiatmaka"/> There is no current information on the quality of Indonesian honey, but a study in 1988 revealed '''high moisture''' content between '''20.7''' and '''36.3%''' (22 samples from Sumatran village markets) and '''adulteration''' with sucrose (cane sugar, or sugar syrup) in most of the samplings. In addition, some of the investigated honey samples were boiled to evaporate  the water for a higher viscosity of the product, which led to a '''high hydroxymethylfurfural''' (HMF) content. <ref>White, J. W., Platt, Jr. J. L., Allen-Wardell, G., & Allen-Wardell, C. (1988). Quality Control for Honey Enterprises in Less-Developed Areas: An Indonesian Example, Bee World, 69:2, 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1988.11098951</ref> According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), Indonesian beekeepers sell their honey in two different forms, '''table honey''' (common honey packed in a glass jar) and '''nest honey''', called “madu sarang” (honey sold including the whole comb). Selling nest honey is gaining more attractiveness, because of the national wide problem of honey adulteration.  
 
   
 
   
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>

Revision as of 15:31, 11 June 2018

Ethiopia: The country belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide. [1] The honey production was estimated to 43,000 MT/year with a potential honey production of about 550,000 MT/year. [2] [3] [4] Approximately, 95% of bee hives in Ethiopia are traditional with low productivity. [3] According to Gemechis (2016) traditional beehives produce around 5-8 kg honey. [2] [5], while the average honey yield in modern hives ranges from 15-20 kg. [6] [4] According to FAO, the average amount of honey per hive over 24 years was 7.55 kg and therefore is in agreement with the prior mentioned observations. [7] 70-80% of produced honey is used for the production of tej (traditional beverage) and the remaining percentage is sold as table honey. [6] [8] [9] 10% of honey is consumed directly by the beekeeping households, while the rest is sold for gaining income. [5] One major quality problem is the high moisture level of honey. Samples from all over the country revealed moisture content between 15.25% and 30.45%. The outcome varies with the type of used hives (traditional hives have 1.5-3.0% higher moisture content than modern hives) and the sample region (highly humid areas are more affected). [5] Honey from traditional hives is often a mixture of pollen, wax and honey, because it is not common among many Ethiopian beekeepers to separate the crude honey from other components. [10] [9] To the favored storage materials for honey belong plastic bags, tins/barrels, plastic containers, clay/log pots and animal skin. [11] The leading honey and bees wax producing regions in Ethiopia include Oromia (41%), SNNPR (22%), Amara (21%) and Tigray (5%). [9]


The total volume of produced honey between the years of 1993 and 2004 increased constantly, but fluctuated afterwards: 24,000 MT in 1993, 28,000 MT in 1998, 40,900 MT in 2004, and 42,000 MT in 2008, 45,905 MT in 2012, 0 MT in 2013/2014 and 47,706 in 2016. [7]

Honey production in Ethiopia (1993-2016); *Data is based on estimations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); **Data is not available.


The amount of produced honey per hive ranged between 6.86 kg in 1993 and 10.49 kg in 2006 with an average production rate of 7.55 kg/hive in the years 1993-2016. [7]

Honey yield per hive in Ethiopia (1993-2016); *Data is based on estimations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); **Data is not available.

Indonesia: Unfortunately, neither FAO, nor another statistical provider provides any data about the honey production of Indonesia. However it is estimated, that Indonesia needs 3,750 MT of honey per year, while there is a supply of only 500-2,000 MT per year. [12] [13] De Jong (2000) estimated the honey production in the region of Kalimantan (based on beekeeping with “honey boards”) between 53 and 267 kg per family per year. [14] It has to be mentioned, that beekeeping in Indonesia is still considered to be “second class farming” and therefore the beekeeping sector is still small. There are various forms of gaining honey, for example working with small colonies of stingless bees, or the practice of honey hunting on A. dorsata, where the forest honey is often consumed locally and therefore the data about the amount of harvested honey is not passed on for statistical assessments. [15] Further, the honey consumption per person per year is with 15 g very low. [12] There is no current information on the quality of Indonesian honey, but a study in 1988 revealed high moisture content between 20.7 and 36.3% (22 samples from Sumatran village markets) and adulteration with sucrose (cane sugar, or sugar syrup) in most of the samplings. In addition, some of the investigated honey samples were boiled to evaporate the water for a higher viscosity of the product, which led to a high hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content. [16] According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), Indonesian beekeepers sell their honey in two different forms, table honey (common honey packed in a glass jar) and nest honey, called “madu sarang” (honey sold including the whole comb). Selling nest honey is gaining more attractiveness, because of the national wide problem of honey adulteration.

References

  1. ↑ Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice Braula coeca (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report - Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N - Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.02.005
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W. T. (2015). Evaluation of Transitional and Modern Hives for Honey Production in Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research, 3(1), 1-6.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Gemechis, L. Y. (2015). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2016.7.5.248.253
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v2i1.49654
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 2018-04-23. URL: http://faostat.fao.org
  8. ↑ Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development 26(1), 1-6.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).
  10. ↑ Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.
  11. ↑ Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (Apis mellifera L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD12.088
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Widiatmaka, W., Wiwin, A., Chandrasa, E. S., & Lailan, S. (2006). Geographic Information System and Analytical Hierarchy Process For Land Use Planning of Beekeeping in Forest Margin of Bogor Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 7(3), 50-57.
  13. ↑ Roman, A. (2006). Effect of Pollen Load Size on the Weight of Pollen Harvested from Honeybee Colonies (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of Apicultural Science, 50(2).
  14. ↑ De Jong, W. (2000). Micro-differences in Local Resource Management: The Case of Honey in West Kalimantan, Indonesia -a Brief Comment. Human Ecology, 28(4), 631-639.
  15. ↑ De Jong, W. (2002). Forest products and local forest management in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for conservation and development. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.
  16. ↑ White, J. W., Platt, Jr. J. L., Allen-Wardell, G., & Allen-Wardell, C. (1988). Quality Control for Honey Enterprises in Less-Developed Areas: An Indonesian Example, Bee World, 69:2, 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1988.11098951
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