Difference between revisions of "Honey"

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== Honey ==
 
== Honey ==
  
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'''Ethiopia:''' The country belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> The annual honey production was estimated to '''43,000 t/year''' with a potential honey production of about '''550,000 t/year'''. <ref name="MoARD 2007">MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report - Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N - Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref> <ref name="Negash 2017">Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2).</ref> <ref name= "Taye 2016">Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The potential annual honey production was estimated based on a nationwide modernization of the beesector (modern hive, increased number of hives/beekeeper, ...) Approximately, '''95%''' of bee hives (see: [[hive types]]) in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' with low productivity. <ref name="Negash 2017"/> According to Gemechis (2016) and MoARD (2007) traditional beehives produce around '''5-8 kg''' honey <ref name="MoARD 2007"/> <ref name="Gemechis 2015">Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.</ref>, while the average honey yield in modern hives ranges from '''15-20 kg'''. <ref name="Taye 2016"/> <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010">Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1).</ref> According to FAO, the average amount of honey per hive over 24 years was 7.55 kg and therefore is in agreement with the prior mentioned observations. <ref name="FAO 2018">FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 23.04.2018. URL: http://faostat.fao.org</ref> '''70-80%''' of produced honey is used for the production of '''''tej''''' (traditional beverage) and the remaining percentage is sold as table honey. <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010"/> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref name="SNV 2005">SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> 10% of honey is consumed directly by the beekeeping households, while the rest is sold for gaining income. <ref name="Gemechis 2015"/> One major quality problem is the high '''moisture level''' of honey. Samples from all over the country revealed moisture content between '''15.25%''' and '''30.45%'''. The outcome varies with the type of used hives (traditional hives have 1.5-3.0% higher moisture content than modern hives) and the sample region (highly humid areas are more affected). <ref name="Gemechis 2015"/> Honey from traditional hives is sometimes a mixture of pollen, wax and honey, because it is not common among some Ethiopian beekeepers to separate the crude honey from other components. <ref name="SNV 2005"/> <ref>Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> To the favoured storage materials for honey belong plastic bags, tins/barrels, plastic containers, clay/log pots and animal skin. <ref>Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> The leading honey and [[beeswax]] producing regions in Ethiopia include Oromia (41%), SNNPR (22%), Amara (21%) and Tigray (5%). <ref name="SNV 2005"/>  
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'''Ethiopia:''' The country belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide and due to bimodal rains, honey can be harvested at least twice a year. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> <ref>MoA & ILRI (2013). Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute.</ref> The annual honey production was estimated to '''43,000 t/year''' with a potential honey production of about '''550,000 t/year'''. <ref name="MoARD 2007">MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report - Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N - Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref> <ref name="Negash 2017">Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2).</ref> <ref name= "Taye 2016">Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The potential annual honey production was estimated based on a nationwide modernization of the beesector (modern hive, increased number of hives/beekeeper, ...) Approximately, '''95%''' of bee hives (see: [[hive types]]) in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' with low productivity. <ref name="Negash 2017"/> According to Gemechis (2016) and MoARD (2007) traditional beehives produce around '''5-8 kg''' honey <ref name="MoARD 2007"/> <ref name="Gemechis 2015">Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.</ref>, while the average honey yield in modern hives ranges from '''15-20 kg'''. <ref name="Taye 2016"/> <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010">Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1).</ref> According to FAO, the average amount of honey per hive over 24 years was 7.55 kg and therefore is in agreement with the prior mentioned observations. <ref name="FAO 2018">FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 23.04.2018. URL: http://faostat.fao.org</ref> '''70-80%''' of produced honey is used for the production of '''''tej''''' (traditional beverage) and the remaining percentage is sold as table honey. <ref name="Gidey Y. 2010"/> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref name="SNV 2005">SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> 10% of honey is consumed directly by the beekeeping households, while the rest is sold for gaining income. <ref name="Gemechis 2015"/> One major quality problem is the high '''moisture level''' of honey. Samples from all over the country revealed moisture content between '''15.25%''' and '''30.45%'''. The outcome varies with the type of used hives (traditional hives have 1.5-3.0% higher moisture content than modern hives) and the sample region (highly humid areas are more affected). <ref name="Gemechis 2015"/> Honey from traditional hives is sometimes a mixture of pollen, wax and honey, because it is not common among some Ethiopian beekeepers to separate the crude honey from other components. <ref name="SNV 2005"/> <ref>Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> To the favoured storage materials for honey belong plastic bags, tins/barrels, plastic containers, clay/log pots and animal skin. <ref>Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> The leading honey and [[beeswax]] producing regions in Ethiopia include Oromia (41%), SNNPR (22%), Amara (21%) and Tigray (5%). <ref name="SNV 2005"/>  
  
  

Revision as of 16:24, 20 November 2018

Honey

Ethiopia: The country belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide and due to bimodal rains, honey can be harvested at least twice a year. [1] [2] The annual honey production was estimated to 43,000 t/year with a potential honey production of about 550,000 t/year. [3] [4] [5] The potential annual honey production was estimated based on a nationwide modernization of the beesector (modern hive, increased number of hives/beekeeper, ...) Approximately, 95% of bee hives (see: hive types) in Ethiopia are traditional with low productivity. [4] According to Gemechis (2016) and MoARD (2007) traditional beehives produce around 5-8 kg honey [3] [6], while the average honey yield in modern hives ranges from 15-20 kg. [5] [7] According to FAO, the average amount of honey per hive over 24 years was 7.55 kg and therefore is in agreement with the prior mentioned observations. [8] 70-80% of produced honey is used for the production of tej (traditional beverage) and the remaining percentage is sold as table honey. [7] [9] [10] 10% of honey is consumed directly by the beekeeping households, while the rest is sold for gaining income. [6] One major quality problem is the high moisture level of honey. Samples from all over the country revealed moisture content between 15.25% and 30.45%. The outcome varies with the type of used hives (traditional hives have 1.5-3.0% higher moisture content than modern hives) and the sample region (highly humid areas are more affected). [6] Honey from traditional hives is sometimes a mixture of pollen, wax and honey, because it is not common among some Ethiopian beekeepers to separate the crude honey from other components. [10] [11] To the favoured storage materials for honey belong plastic bags, tins/barrels, plastic containers, clay/log pots and animal skin. [12] The leading honey and beeswax producing regions in Ethiopia include Oromia (41%), SNNPR (22%), Amara (21%) and Tigray (5%). [10]


According to FAO statistics (2018), the total volume of produced honey between the years of 1993 and 2004 increased constantly, but fluctuated afterwards: 24,000 t in 1993, 28,000 t in 1998, 40,900 t in 2004, and 42,000 t in 2008, 45,905 t in 2012, 0 t in 2013/2014 and 47,706 t in 2016. [8] As shown in the figure below, official data of FAO statistics (2018) also showed a honey production of 0 t in the years 2013 and 2014. [8]

Honey production in Ethiopia (1993-2016); *Data is based on estimations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); **Data is not available.


The amount of produced honey per hive ranged between 6.86 kg in 1993 and 10.49 kg in 2006 with an average production of 7.55 kg/hive in the years 1993-2016 (figure below). [8]

Honey yield per hive in Ethiopia (1993-2016); *Data is based on estimations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); **Data is not available.

Indonesia: Unfortunately, neither FAO, nor another statistical provider gives any data on the honey production of Indonesia. However, it is estimated, that Indonesia needs 3,750 t of honey per year, while there is a supply of only 500-2,000 t per year. [13] [14] De Jong (2000) estimated the honey production in the region of Kalimantan (based on beekeeping with “honey boards”; see: hive types) between 53 kg and 267 kg per beekeeping operation (family) per year. [15] Shouten et al. (in press) assessed the beekeeping situation on 4 islands of Indonesia and found, that the mean annual honey yield from A. cerana beehives range from 0.5 kg to 5 kg per hive and strongly depends on the season. One surveyed beekeeper mentioned a three times higher honey yield when harvesting in the wet season compared to a dry season's yield. The authors claim, that those results should be interprated with caution, because questioned beekeepers rarely kept records. [16] It has to be mentioned, that beekeeping in Indonesia is still considered to be “second class farming” and therefore the beekeeping sector is still small. There are various forms of gaining honey, for example working with small colonies of stingless bees, or the practice of honey hunting on A. dorsata, where the forest honey is often consumed locally and therefore the data about the amount of harvested honey is not passed on for statistical assessments. [17] Further, the honey consumption per person per year is with 15 g very low. [13] There is less current information on the quality of Indonesian honey, but a study in 1988 revealed high moisture content between 20.7 and 36.3% (22 samples from Sumatran village markets) and adulteration with sucrose (cane sugar, or sugar syrup) in most of the samplings. In addition, some of the investigated honey samples were boiled to evaporate the water for a higher viscosity of the product, which led to a high hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content. [18] In consistence is a not yet published study bei Shouten et al. (in press) who described a mean moisture content of 24%. [16] According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), Indonesian beekeepers sell their honey in two different forms, table honey (common honey packed in a glass jar) and nest honey, called “madu sarang” (honey sold including the whole comb). Selling nest honey is gaining more attractiveness, because of the widespread problem of honey adulteration.

Honey market value chain

A well-differentiated honey market value chain is equally important for producers, the distributors as well as for the consumers to provide uniform quality and further to increase the income.


Ethiopia: Gemechis (2016) wrote about the domestic honey market value chain of Ethiopia: Crude honey is sold to collectors (nearest town/village markets) by small scale beekeepers. They pass on a great amount of the product to whole sellers in bigger cities and to local tej breweries. The whole sellers act as distributors and sell the honey to retailers, tej houses, processors and consumers. [6] Some beekeepers form marketing and producing cooperatives. They collect crude honey from members and sell the semi-processed product to processing companies or distributors. In Ethiopia, there is a lack of “good beekeeping practice”, thus, the cooperatives do not underlie quality controlling bodies, nor have business concepts and therefore suffer under quality loss and cannot compete with bigger companies (lack of proper collection, storage and transportation facilities). In addition, the domestic honey market has several problems: the smuggle and adulteration of honey bee products, complaints of consumers about increasing prices of honey products, while the beekeepers have the feeling that the business is not rewarding. [6] For local beekeepers, it is not common to separate table honey from beeswax and other ingredients, but during the tej-brewing process, beeswax is separated as a byproduct that is passed on to beeswax collectors and exporters. Hence, they serve as important stakeholders in the beeswax business. [10] About 10 percent of the produced honey in the country is not sold but consumed in the households. There are regions in Ethiopia, where not only 10%, but most of the honey is consumed by the beekeeping households. In a consequence, in those regions there are only fragments of, or no honey market chain at all. [19]


Indonesia: According to a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran), fragments of a honey market chain exist, but work need to be done, to strengthen the value market chain. So far, beekeepers sell their products online in the form of bulk packaging by creating and marketing their own brand, or they offer it to collectors (i.e. distributors). In a next step, the collected products (honey, pollen, royal jelly, wax) will be further processed to adjust the quality of goods (flavor, water content, ...). Table honey is sold in bigger cities situated around the particular farms. Beekeepers also sell their honey to customers, who ordered it, by their own. The customers are mostly from the middle-and upper class and besides the honey's religious importance to the Islam, the upper class'es motives to buy honey are accompanied by believing in the healthy aspects of honey bee products. Most customers do not buy honey in the supermarket or at local markets, because the there offered products are mostly of bad quality (adulteration, etc..). Some beekeepers hire agencies who promote and sell their honey. The agencies charge a fee on the actual honey price. Thus, the beekeepers do not, but the customers have to pay for the agencies' services. There is no information on the beekeeper, product processing, nor the product's origin on the labels.


References

  1. ↑ Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice Braula coeca (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.
  2. ↑ MoA & ILRI (2013). Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Agriculture and International Livestock Research Institute.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report - Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N - Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Taye, B., Desta, A., Girma, C., & Mekonen, W.T. (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 23.04.2018. URL: http://faostat.fao.org
  9. ↑ Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development 26(1), 1-6.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).
  11. ↑ Fichtl, R. & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.
  12. ↑ Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (Apis mellifera L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Widiatmaka, W., Wiwin, A., Chandrasa, E. S., & Lailan, S. (2006). Geographic Information System and Analytical Hierarchy Process For Land Use Planning of Beekeeping in Forest Margin of Bogor Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 7(3), 50-57.
  14. ↑ Roman, A. (2006). Effect of Pollen Load Size on the Weight of Pollen Harvested from Honeybee Colonies (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of Apicultural Science, 50(2).
  15. ↑ De Jong, W. (2000). Micro-differences in Local Resource Management: The Case of Honey in West Kalimantan, Indonesia -a Brief Comment. Human Ecology, 28(4), 631-639.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Shouten, C. N., Lloyd, D. J., & Lloyd H. (in press). Beekeeping with the Asian Honey Bee (Apis cerana javana Fabr) in Indonesia.
  17. ↑ De Jong, W. (2002). Forest products and local forest management in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for conservation and development. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.
  18. ↑ White, J. W., Platt, Jr. J. L., Allen-Wardell, G., & Allen-Wardell, C. (1988). Quality Control for Honey Enterprises in Less-Developed Areas: An Indonesian Example, Bee World, 69:2, 49-62.
  19. ↑ Serda B., Zewudu T., Dereje M., Aman M. (2015). Beekeeping Practices, Production Potential and Challenges of Bee Keeping among Beekeepers in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia. J Veterinar Sci Technol 6(255), 1-5.
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