Threats for introduction of new pests
Throughout history, with all the exploration trips and globalization, diseases affecting honey bee health have been spread worldwide. That led to host-shifts of pests/pathogens within introduced and native honey bee species and subspecies. Varroa destructor and Nosema ceranae are known to swapped over from A. cerana to A. mellifera, when the European honey bee was introduced to Asia. On the opposite, Thai Sac Brood Virus, Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus and several tracheal mites were originally observed in A. mellifera before spreading to A. cerana. [1] [2]
Ethiopia: The exchange of diseases or parasites is always possible through neighbouring countries (i.e. Eritrea, Uganda, Somalia, Kenya, Sudan, South-Sudan, or Djibouti). For example foulbrood is so far no officially observed disease in Ethiopia, but was detected in Eritrea and therefore may spread through the international border to Ethiopia and other neighboring countries. [3]
Indonesia: The country consists mainly of islands but also shares borders with Malaysia and Australia. Despite Australia is known to have strict border regulations, the rate of disease exchange is high at over-land boundaries. [4] There is not much information on honey bee disease distribution in Indonesia, but it is considered, that the transport of goods over sea is also a major risk for the distribution of pests and pathogens.
References
- ↑ Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2012.02.014
- ↑ Theisen-Jones, H., & Bienefeld, K. (2016). The Asian Honey Bee ( Apis cerana ) is Significantly in Decline. Bee World, 93(4), 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2017.1284973
- ↑ Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2005.11417323
- ↑ Thompson, R. C. A., Owen, I. L., Puana, I., Banks, D., Davis, T. M. E., & Reid, S. A. (2003). Parasites and biosecurity – the example of Australia. Trends in Parasitology, 19(9), 410–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4922(03)00197-1
