Nosema
Nosema spp. (Dissociodihaplophasida; Nosematidae) is known to be a parasitc microsporidian and the causative agent of nosemose. [1] The infectious non-germinated spore of the pathogen is transmitted through the oral-faecal route of workers to queens and brood or through mating. The most popular treatment is "fumagillin". While N. apis has a relatively wide distribution with a prevelence for colder climate, N. ceranae is mostly prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropics. [2]
Ethiopia: Nosema existence in Ethiopia has been reported for the first time in 1989 by the Holeta Bee Research Centre (HBRC), Holeta. In a study by Desalegn and Amssalu (2015) over 200 honey bee colonies from all over Ethiopia were analysed and 37% were tested positive for N. apis. They further investigated the severity of an infestation and concluded, that this disease is considered to be a negligible risk for Ethiopian honey bee colonies. [3][4] [2]
Indonesia: N. ceranae is present but there is a lack of data regarding the dangerousness or treating of the pathogen, indicating that Nosema represents a negligible risk in Indonesia. [5] [4] [6]
References
- ↑ Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0313
- ↑ Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-096.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2005.11417323
- ↑ Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2012.02.014
- ↑ Wilson, W. T., & Nunamaker, R. A. (1983). The Incidence of Nosema Apis in Honeybees in Mexico. Bee World, 64(3), 132–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1983.11097930
